Media Advertising and Sex Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Advertisements are everywhere, combining images and words together to create a message to sell a product. The initial impression is that the advertisers are just move to sell their products, but there often seems to be an underlying message. It is often heard that sex sells. So, many advertisers will use bonny women and men in their advertisements to try to market a product. The hope is that sex will sell, and people will go out and buy what the ads are selling. in that respect are many advertisements and commercials that use this approach. Prime examples of this are the advertisements for Orbit Gum and A Diamond is Forever. Also, the commercials for Levi jeans use sex to promote the sale of their brand. As a way to explain how and why the media uses sex to sell, many articles have been written concerning this. For instance, Sex as Symbol in Fashion Advertising by Arthur Asa Berger duologue about the sexual undertones used in ads as a way to sell products. Simila rly, Jean Kilbournes Beautyand the Beast of Advertising discusses the portrayal of women in advertisements as sex objects. Finally, Analyzing Signs and Sign Systems by Arthur Asa Berger offers shipway to analyze advertisements and their use of sex. No matter what the advertisement is for although it may seem that an advertiser is only trying to sell a product, the ways the advertisements are presented often have a hidden meaning. For example, in the ads for A Diamond is Forever although, the company is selling meshwork rings, it portrays a couple in a sensual pose. In the ad, it looks as though they are naked. The man is bending over the woman with his hands creating the chassis of an oval around her. Their faces are touching, and ... ...or a better lover if their products are used. With so many different advertisements out there, watch out for many ways that sex is being used to deceive people into buying products that cannot fulfill all the promises in the ads. Works CitedBerger, Arthur Asa. Analyzing Signs and Sign Systems. Reading Culture. quaternate ed. Ed. Diana George and John Trimbur. sore York Longman, 2001. 192-193.- - -. Sex as Symbol in Fashion Advertising. Reading Culture. 4th ed. Ed. Diana George and John Trimbur. New York Longman, 2001. 186-191.A Diamond is Forever. Advertisement. People. Aug. 2003 64.Kilbourne, Jean. Beautyand the Beast of Advertising. Reading Culture. 4th ed. Ed. Diana George and John Trimbur. New York Longman, 2001. 193-196.Levi Jeans. ABC. Ch. 7. June 2002.Orbit Gum. Advertisement. People Aug. 2003 72.

Physics of Rail Guns Essay -- physics weapon weapons rail gun

The concept of a rail gun is dim-witted two parallel bars connected to a power source engender an galvanic field. This electric field pot be used to propel a projectile along the bars. If enough amperage is provided, the projectile can achieve velocities of up to 4 km/s. The U.S. Army has been interested in the potential of electromagnetic guns for quite some time. In 1988 the University of Texas Center for Electromagnetics began work on a 9 MJ range gun, which would be designed to launch 2-4 kg projectiles at velocities of up to 4 km/s. Design features of this range gun included up to 230 MJ stored energy, 6 kV and 3 MA peak output ratings, and a 9 shot repetitive fire capability. In the early 1990s, the U.S. Army, along with the leatherneck Corps, showed much interest in the Cannon Caliber Electromagnetic Gun System (CCEMG). This project seeks to demonstrate an elecrtomagnetic gun brass designed from a system/mission prospective. The CCEMG showed a 3 times increase in ener gy and power density over the range gun system.The U.S. Army plans to produce electric tanks by the year 2015 with electromagnetic guns mounted on them. The all-electric tank would include electric vehicle drive and suspension and electric armaments. In this concept, the flywheel energy can be used as a flywheel battery to provide power for vehicle acceleration and regenerative braking, and will also produce electrical power for the electromagnetic armaments. This is the perfect example of how physics is still impacting the world in which we live. A rail gun in its simplest form is a pair of conducting rails scattered by a distance L and with one rail connected to the positive and one the negative side of a power source furnish voltage V and current I.... ...an use the right hand rule. Since all the angles involved are 90 degrees, the resultant force has a magnitude resulting from the simple multiplication of the magnitude of i and B and the value of L. (F=LiB) To determine the wariness, lay your right hand along the course of instruction of the current through the projectile, with your fingers pointing in the direction the current is travelling. Next, curl your fingers in the direction of the B field. Your thumb will now be pointing in the direction of the applied force. Bibliography1. Jengel and Fatros Rail Gun Page. http//home.insightbb.com/jmengel4/rail/rail-intro.html2. Pappas, John. University of Texas Center for Electromechanics http//www.utexas.edu/research/cem/3. MIT students. Amateur Rail Gun Production Journal http//www.railgun.org4. United States Patent and Trademark authorisation http//www.uspto.gov/

weapons of the weak :: essays research papers

In James Scotts novel Weapons of the Weak Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance he plainly describes what can only be viewed as the worsening of the lives of the village poor in Sedaka, Malaysia. He attributes the add-on in economic inequality to Malaysias green revolution. Consequently, Scott analyzes the impact of these changes on the poor, sighting some(prenominal) causes. The green revolution began in the 1970s in Malaysia. It was brought about by an advance in technology, a vernal form of high yielding seeds. These new seeds led to the ability to double crop, or have more than one crop yield per season. Also, many of the large farmers opted to bring in combine harvesters to increase the speed at which they could harvest, making it easier for them to double crop. These new technologies may seem economically beneficial to all if viewed by the untrained observer. However, those who benefited were few. These new developments only benefited the wealthiest in society, consequently l eaving the poor even poorer for many reasons.More than anything the combine harvesters led to the increased troubles of Sedakas poor. Combine harvesting has meant, then, a loss of roughly half the wages previously received for paddy bat by the poorer strata of Mudas peasantry (76). Combine harvesters were valued by many large farmers as excellent new technology. It allowed for them to eliminate the need of a labor force for cutting and threshing. By the irrigated season of 1979 they (combine harvesters) were harvesting fully 60 percent of Sedakas bar land. A year later they were harvesting more than 80 percent (115). Transplanting was the only work left for patty workers in Sedaka. Thus a problem presented itself for the one-quarter of Sedakas population who subsisted solely from wage labor. Combine harvesters also allowed for large farmers to take up the practice of broadcasting, which took work away from those who helped with the pre-season planting. The lack of work led to a decrease in the need for laborers. Since there was less demand for laborers, the price of wages went down. This greatly affected those who did not have teeming land to provide year round subsistence for their families. This group of poor who farmed less than 3 relong, in other words those considered below the poverty level, had to struggle to survive. approximately peasants had to move temporarily or permanently to larger cities to find work to provide for their families.

Comparing Boys and Girls by Alice Munro and A Clean Well-Lighted Place by Hemingway :: comparison compare contrast essays

Importance of Foils in Boys and Girls and A Clean Well-Lighted Place A Handbook to Literature says that the word foil literally means a leaf or a sheet of bright metal placed under a piece of jewelry to increase its brilliance (Foil). indeed when applied to literature, the term refers to a piece who makes a contrast with another, especially a minor character who helps set off a major character (Barnett et al. 1331). For example, a foolish character whitethorn place a wise characters wisdom in a stronger light, or a cowardly character may make the heros actions appear even more courageous. A foil is frequently an antagonist or confidant, but whoever the foil might be, the purpose is to illuminate whiz or more significant traits, attitudes or actions of a main character (Foil NTCE).   In the story, A Clean Well-Lighted Place, by Ernest Hemingway, the younger waiter is a foil for both the erstwhile(a) waiter and the old man who comes to drink in the café. The quondam(a) waiter is concerned for the old man who has tried and true to kill himself. He understands that there are many lonely people who need a safe, well-lighted place to escape loneliness at night.   The older waiter makes the comment near the end of the story that each night I am reluctant to close up because there may be someone who needs the café (1172). The older waiter is sympathetic to the old man because he himself is lonely. He confesses that I am of those who like to stay late at the café, with all those who need a light for the night (1172).   On the other hand, the younger waiter has a wife to go home to and is irritated at the old man because he will not leave. He even says to the old man, who is deaf, You should have killed yourself last week (1170). This cruel remark contrasts sharply with the older waiters characteristics of compassion, friendliness, and tolerance.   In the story, Boys and Girls, by Alice Munro, Laird is the foil for his siste r, the narrator of the story. When the children are young, Lairds behavior contrasts with the maturity and responsibility shown by the girl. While she is busy watering the foxes, he goes off and swings himself sickening . . . going around in circles or tries to catch caterpillars (987).

Three Mile Island Case :: essays research papers

5a) If I were on the educate plug-in I would not project agreedto the stick it away framed for the arbitrator. I believe that theissue was not neutral, rather that it favored theassociation and Ms. Kimball. Statements in the issue suchas, ...when the grievance absented herself from performance forillness..., support Kimballs argument. In the Position ofthe School District section of the handout, the School Boardstates that when Kimball called in to report the absence shesimply informed the rule that she would not be in. Inmy opinion, this should have replaced the prior statement ofher calling out due to illness.I also think that the School Board should not haveagreed to the issue starting with the question Was theSchool District wrong... this automatically influences thearbitrator to question the School Boards decision. Theissue could have either been changed to impose the questionof Kimball being wrong, or to a question of a neutral sort.If I were the School Board I would hav e proposed thisissue to the arbitrator Should Denise Kimball be paid for Tuesday and Wednesday, April 3 and 4, aftercalling to inform her place of employment that she would not be in due to the tercet Mile Island Incident of March 30, 1979?I experience that this issue is not only factual but puts weightin the School Boards argument.5b) Although I do not believe that the issue to thearbitrator was fair to the School Board, if I were thearbitrator, I would have ruled for the association and Ms.Kimball. I feel based on the severity of The Three MileIncident and the fact that Kimball had a legitament notefrom a physician with a diagnosis of environmental stress, ruttish stress, and anxiety, that she should be paid forthe days missed. This right is upheld by the ApplicablePennsylvania Statutes School Laws of Pennsylvania underSection 1154, which is covered in the handout. The School Boards argument of she was not sick on thedays in question covered in the Position of the School

Three Mile Island Case :: essays research papers

5a) If I were on the School advance I would not drop concurto the pick out framed for the arbitrator. I believe that theissue was not neutral, rather that it favored theassociation and Ms. Kimball. Statements in the issue suchas, ...when the grievance absented herself from work forillness..., strengthener Kimballs argument. In the Position ofthe School District section of the handout, the School Boardstates that when Kimball called in to report the absence shesimply informed the district that she would not be in. Inmy opinion, this should have replaced the prior statement ofher calling out due to illness.I also think that the School Board should not haveagreed to the issue starting with the question Was theSchool District wrong... this automatically influences thearbitrator to question the School Boards decision. Theissue could have either been changed to impose the questionof Kimball being wrong, or to a question of a neutral sort.If I were the School Board I would have propos ed thisissue to the arbitrator Should Denise Kimball be paid for Tuesday and Wednesday, April 3 and 4, aftercalling to inform her place of employment that she would not be in due to theThree international nautical mile Island Incident of March 30, 1979?I feel that this issue is not only factual but puts weightin the School Boards argument.5b) Although I do not believe that the issue to thearbitrator was fair to the School Board, if I were thearbitrator, I would have ruled for the association and Ms.Kimball. I feel base on the severity of The Three MileIncident and the fact that Kimball had a legitament notefrom a physician with a diagnosis of environmental stress,emotional stress, and fretfulness, that she should be paid forthe days missed. This right is upheld by the ApplicablePennsylvania Statutes School Laws of Pennsylvania underSection 1154, which is covered in the handout. The School Boards argument of she was not sick on thedays in question covered in the Position of the Sch ool

Anorexia Nevrosa

Anorexia Nervosa is an emotional illness in which a person refuses to consume due to a fear of gaining weight (Charles Michael Wuhl, 1991). It occurs in general among adolescent girls and young women. Anorexia means without appetite however most Anorexics are actually extremely hungry most of the time due to a miss of consumption (Charles Michael Wuhl, 1991). Psychological reasons seem to be the major cause of rejecting food. Through the period of Anorexia, Anorexics will experience a craving for food known as bulimia (Charles Michael Wuhl, 1991).But after this craving sensation subsides, they make themselves vomit or overdose on laxatives as well. The Chief physical symptom of Anorexia Nervosa is outstanding weight loss at around ? of the body weight (Charles Michael Wuhl, 1991). Other symptoms are low blood pressure, slow heartbeat and the growth of fine tomentum cerebri on the body. The lack of food begins to affect their mood. A major amount of Anorexics will actually separat e themselves from people and have a depressed expression (Charles Michael Wuhl, 1991). Because Anorexia is a Psychological issue, most Anorexics consider themselves healthy or overweight despite the obvious physical changes.Treatments of Anorexia may include Hospitalization, Psychotherapy, and medication. If suffered by malnutrition they should be hospitalized (Charles Michael Wuhl, 1991) However, or so half of people with long term anorexia nervosa can receive serious medical issues such as Osteoporosis from lack of calcium in the diet(serious for teens still in growth) joint injuries from too much exercise, and kidney problems due to abusing laxatives and dehydration( Adam Husney MD, 2011). When it comes to Gender, Women are more likely to develop an take in cark han men. However in teenage eating disorders it seems that 19% to 30% of patients are male. Male anorexics currently h gray-headed these interesting statistics due to research. The lifetime prevalence in Anorexia in work force is 0. 3 %( Hiripi, E. , 2008), quaternity percent of male teens in the tenth grade demonstrate an obsession with body image and have turned to anabolic steroids to Alter their appearances (Boyce, W. F, 2006) and now more than Male Models are now being pressured to slim down in order to land top fashion jobs in the industry(Trebay, G, 2008).Eating Disorders and anorexia statistics show that garbled eating can be fatal without proper manipulation about 20% of sufferers will die without preaching, but the number drops to 3% with treatment. However, only 10% of anorexics actually will receive treatment for eating disorders, due to three main reasons (2006 South Carolina Department of Mental Health). The cost to enter an eating disorder treatment center is about $500 to $2,000 per day (2006 South Carolina Department of Mental Health). Receiving amends coverage for the cost of treatment is usually impossible.Theyre insurance companies that actually eliminate eating disord er treatment and refuse to pay the hospital fare for those patients. This results in a humongous percent of people compensable out of pocket by any means necessary to help themselves or a loved one. If by chance an Anorexic gets admitted into a treatment center, the length of stay is typically ranged between 30-60 days at minimum. Most Anorexics and disordered eaters are often resistant to going to an invasion of their Privacy (Anorexia-reflections/statistics).Men with Anorexia Nervosa are less likely to occur than a female with anorexia nervosa. Anorexic females are easier to identify then males. Females lose weight drastically while Men loose body tissue which is harmful for the physique (aplaceofhopeforeatingdisorders. com). About 10% of eating disorder crusades are males But theyre less likely to judge treatment because its perceived as a womens disease(National Eating Disorders Association). They are several cases of Males with Anorexia Nervosa.One boy named Eric Ostendorf a te nothing but an orchard apple tree during his first four months of 10th grade. When he became a senior, he developed a habit of starving himself, while engaging in obsessive domineering exercises. I would wake uprun in the showerpump 100 pushupshide the foodthen flush it down the toilet, Ostendorf said(Julie Rosenberg, ParentDish). Ostendorfs parents decided to appear on the Dr. Phil show. The episode was title Body Obsessed Boys to aim at boys obsessed with working out to achieve a trustworthy look to please women.His mother Becky also informed ParentDish through phone that their insurance expired so chances of helping him on their own ran out. Hoping that theyll receive help, his solid family appeared on the Dr. Phil show. Dr. Ted Weltzein the Medical Director of Rogers Memorial Hospital, appeared and offered Ostendorf a full evaluation and treatment. A journal entry shared by Ostendorf on his 16th natal day gave family and friends a heads up that hes in full recovery and pla ns on studying pre-med to help other kids with eating disorders.Another Male Anorexia case was a Calvin Klein model by the name of Jeremy Gillitzer. He was struggling with anorexia on a long term platform. He was constantly in and out of treatment facilities. He would exercise relentlessly at about 5 hours a day and then binge on a gallon of ice cream. after being hospitalized for his condition at Methodist Hospitals Eating Disorder Institute, He appeared on Inside Edition, and his life testimony was even named one of the Most curious Stories of 08( Kevin Hoffman, 2010).Despite reaching to the masses about his life crisis, he withered his body down to 66lbs when he passed away at 38 years old in 2010. Anorexia Nervosa in males is rare. But nevertheless, an issue due to the ways people attempt to hide it from the public. If one isnt aware of how a friend or loved one is changing physically, that can cause a life to be lost. More attention needs to be brought towards this disorder.Re ference Pagehttp//www.concordhospital.org/app/healthwise/document.aspx?id=ty6319 http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000362.htm Website http//www.state.sc.us/dmh/anorexia/statistics.htm Website www.parentdish.com/2010/12/30/male-anorexia-one-boys-story/? Wuhl, Charles Michael, M.D. Clinical Assistant Professor in Psychiatry, New York University, Anorexia Nervosa 1991 World Book Encyclopedia Agras WS (2008). The eating disorders. In DC Dale, DD Federman, eds., ACP Medicine, section 13, chap. 9. Hamilton, ON BC Decker. Rozenberg, Julie Z., Male Anorexia One Boys Story, 12/30/10, ParentDish Treasure J, Claudino AM, Zucker N. Eating disorders. Lancet. 2010 375(7914)583-593.Attia E, Walsh BT. Behavioral charge for anorexia nervosa. N Engl J Med. 2009360500-506. Rosen DS the Committee on Adolescence, Identification and management of eating disorders in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2010126(6)1240-1253. American Psychiatric Association. Treatment of patients with eating disorders, third edition. American Psychiatric Association. Am J Psychiatry. 2006163(7 Suppl)4-54. Fisher Ca, Hetrick SE, Rushford N. Family therapy for anorexia nervosa. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Apr 14 (4)CD004780. Mardcus MD, Wildes JE. Eating disorders. In Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa Saunders Elsevier 2011chap 226. Kevin Hoffman Thu., Jun. 3 2010, 953 AM, Jeremy Gillitzer, male eating disorder sufferer dead at 38

Changing Strategy of General Motors Essay

global Motors Company, commonly known as GM (listed General Motors Corporation before 2009), is an American multinational automotive corporation headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, and the worlds largest automaker, by vehicle unit sales, in 2011.Earlier GM employ to dump their old and unsold models into developing countries and they used to neglect markets in developing nations thinking that they be not profitable, and also they dont stupefy any R&D centres outside Detroit, US. So there is no way of new innovative models entering into developing markets. But now they late started penetrating developing nation markets by introducing their new models in those markets as there are huge untapped potential customers.Automotive Industry depth psychology using porters five forces model 1) Threat of New Entrants The threat of new entrants is precise low in the automobile industry. The industry is very mature and it has successfully reached economies of scale. In order to compete in th is industry a manufacturer must be able to achieve economies of scale.2) Threat of alternate(a) ProductsThere are no direct substitutes for automobiles.3) Bargaining Power of SuppliersThe bargaining power of suppliers is very low in the automobile industry. There are so many parts that are used to produce an automobile, that it takes many suppliers to accomplish this. When there are many suppliers in an industry, they do not have oft power. 4) Bargaining Power of BuyersThe bargaining power of the buyers is moderately high. The buyers being consumers purchase almost all of the industries output. The manufacturers depend on them to stay in business. The buyers also are a significant portion of the industries revenue. If they cannot keep their buyers happy then they risk losing them to their competitors. 5) Competition among rivalriesRivalry among the competitors is very strong in this industry. The major competitors are so closely balanced that it increases the rivalry. In order to gain market share in the automobile must gain market share by pickings it from their competitors. One of the former(a) reasons there is such high rivalry is that there is a lack of differentiation opportunities.Strengths of GMThey include the high brand reckon and its worldwide presence of being one of the biggest automotive industries.Weakness of GM* Diminishing Dealer Network.* Working capital is going down because of low sales volume and it led to negative effect on R&D. And also suppliers are losing their trust.* Inadequate performance among some business segments and low debt ratings are other weaknesses.Strategies of GM in Future1) As I mentioned above they ordain be concentrating on developing nations where there is huge untapped potential customers, which will help their situation which includes them in further growth and improved financial situation. 2) They will leave behind their Detroit centric view and try to change fit to the changes in the Automobile Industry. 3) T ry more to invest in R&D so that they will have a competitive advantage in future.Referenceswww.gm.com/www.wikipedia.com/International Business Competing in the Global MarketplaceCharles WL HillArun K Jain

On the Sidewalk Bleeding Essay

In the short story On the sidewalk bleeding, by Evan Hunter, the author defys us feel sympathy for the main character by exploitation a variety of techniques such as characterisation, plot structure and language. The story opens with the main character, Andy, who has just been stabbed be exploit he is in a gang. . Unfortunately it is too juvenile to change what had happened and as a result the reader feels immense pity for him when he dies. This short story includes the radixs of regret and how gang violence causes loss of identity. foremost the author makes the reader feel sympathetic towards Andy by using effective techniques to emphasise the agony and the painful phase that Andy is going through. The author says that Andy is in so much pain that no sound comes out of his mouth. The passage says, There was no voice in his throat only the bubbling of blood amongst his lips.In this quote, alliteration is used with the words bubbling of blood. The author uses this technique to hi ghlight how much pain and terror gangs can create. This is also effective as it creates a gruesome image in the readers mind of Andy in his current situation. Therefore we feel grungy for Andy as he cannot change surface call for help.Another way the author makes us sympathise for Andy is how the author uses the idea of Andy being isolated from the rest of the world. Andy is lying in the alley farther from help and he can hear music but zip fastener or no- whiz is able to help him. We see this when the writes says, He watched the world passing, and also the quote, He could hear the faint noise of music now, from and long, long way off. These two extracts from the passage illustrate that although Andy is dying the world is still moving and no one cargons or purge looks at Andy. Also it shows to us that Andy is isolated from society. At this stay in the story Andy realises that being in a gang has apart(p) him from the rest of the world and there is no going back. This relates to the theme of regret as Andy starts to regret the prime(prenominal)s he made in life. The reader starts to feel even sorrier for Andy as he starts to repent what he has done but he cant do anything to save himself now as it is too late.Furthermore, end-to-end the story the author has created characters which pass by Andy but unfortunately for Andy they dont help him for different reasons. When the third useless person comes into the alley, Andy is in believe that she will help him but tragicly she doesnt. The story says, An old lady stopped at the other end of the alley like a queen. In this quote the author uses a simile to show us how the old lady was acting and how she considered herself nothing less than a queen. This quote makes us sad as Andy has now had three attempts of hold out but all of them have slipped away just because he is in a gang. This also relates to the theme of how gangs cause loss of identity as if he wasnt in a gang he would have had at least one chanc e of surviving out of the three. This again makes the reader sympathise towards Andy.Furthermore feel sorry for Andy by using personifying the jacket and the knife. Andy knows that he is dying and wants to be known as an individual and not a royal. The quote is, Had they stabbed him, Andy or had they only stabbed the jacket and the title, and what good was the title if you were dying. In this personification is used to emphasise that the guardians only stabbed Andy just because he was a royal and show that the knife had no hatred towards Andy only the jacket and the title. The jacket symbolises the royals and the knife symbolises the guardians to indicate how much hatred is amid the two gangs.Similarly this idea is further developed when Andy blames the jacket for him loosing his life. Andy begins to realise that if there was no jacket there wouldnt have been a mutter in the first place. The short story says, The jacket was a stupid meaningless thing, which was robbing him off h is life.The jacket and title has ruined his life and future. The word choice of meaningless shows that where once the title and the jacket was so important to Andy and how he was proud of it, but now the same jacket and title mean nothing to Andy but instead detests them. Also personification is used to make the knife and jacket seem like people. This suggests that objects are more important and this goes back to the theme of when you join a gang you lose your identity. The theme here shows that when you join a gang you are no longer an individual but you are a gang member instead.Finally Andy at the end of the story was ashamed of being called a royal and his new identity. Andy tries to tell the world that he not a royal but only Andy. The reader sees this when the writer says, Im Andy, he screamed wordlessly, Im Andy. Reputation of Andys pay heed emphasises to us that he wants to be known as Andy and not a royal before he dies. Juxtaposition of screamed wordlessly is used to show that Andy is onerous to scream but he only can in his mind as he is in too much pain to speak. By this point Andy is utterly helpless and cant do anything. We feel pity towards Andy as he cant even speak his feeling so there is no chance of him surviving.In conclusion the author has used many techniques of writers craft such personification and language to make the reader sympathise towards the main character Andy. Although not much action happens in the short story, the author still manages to make us feel sorry for Andy as Andy goes through his life and realises that he has done nothing major in his life expect make stupid mistake of joining a gang which leads him to losing his life.

Cell Division

I believe that our observations ar repressentative of cell division taking place in the oinon root tip. Firstly, this is because our numbers of the number of cells in each phase of mitosis are similar to the rest of the groups, so we can assume our results are most likely correct. We can also assume our calculations are right because we know that Interphase is the most active phase in the process of cell divison, which would agree with our calculations since we assume that approxiamtly 93% of cells are going though Interphase.The phases of mitosis are much shorter then that of Interphase, and the cell spends less time in these phases. This agrees with our calculations because they run around 2-10%, conculding the fact that it is right to infere that a smaller amount of cells would be in the phases of mitosis. 5. Plants use a similar process with a few differences than in the charitable process. A plant cell creates a mitotic spindle and has a centrosome, just now it does not thr ow off a centrioles, as in human chromosomes. The other major difference in plants is the way in which cytokinesis occurs.In human cells, the plasma membrane invaginates along the equator of the cell, creating a cleavage furrow that result separate the cytoplasm in two daughter cells. Plant cells have rigid cell walls that obstruct this. Instead, they use two different approaches for cytokinesis. The plasma membrane and cell wall grow inward together, eventually separating the parent cell into two. Then the cell wall(which human cells do not contain) will separate the two daughter cells, and the cell wall starts growing in the middle of the cell between the two nuclei. This is cognize as the cell plate.It continues growing until its edges reach the cells outer surface, separating the parent cell into two daughter cells. 6. Not all cells in the meristematic region of the onion await to have a nucleus. This is because The earliest cells, and all prokaryote cells, dont have a nucl eus. Inside these simple cells, the DNA molecules just float around in the cytoplasm. When the cells have devoloped, most likely during telophase,the nucleus will appear. 7. The result of if the chromosomes of the two daughter cells remained on one side of the cell plate could be non-disjunction, where a chromosome whitethorn fail to separate during anaphase.One daughter cell will receive both sister chromosomes and the other will receive none. This results in the former cell having third chromosomes containing the same genes (two sisters and a homologue), and will develop into a check up on called trisomy, and the latter cell which would only have one chromosome (the homologous chromosome), would be a condition known as monosomy. These cells are considered aneuploid, a condition often associated with cancer. 8. A class result is better in the measure of the time for each myotic phase because we can compare each number of time that each group gets.If the numbers are similar we ca n infere that it is more probable to be the right answer, and can exclude any numbers that are an abnormal greater difference then the rest. By comparing all the calculations and observations of the class, we can rationalise the observations that are similar to those of the rest of the class. 9. Biocide 2-4D would harm and prevent the action of the substances within the meristematic cells of the plants. It will also cause major issues in sex cells because the chromosomes during metaphase 1 will not exchange proper genes with each other.

Estimation

Kiandria Grissett Business Math-7 4 / 20 / 2013 Estimation 1. Discuss at least two very world examples in which you use estimation in your daily life. 2. Discuss from your examples how estimating can substantiate negative effects if you over or under estimated. 3. weigh of an example in a real world scenario when a company or organization might use estimation and have negative or devastating results. One real world example I would inter lurchable to discuss is how many minutes it draw backs me to stick out up and be at the marina at 11am. I work on Baldhead Island which means I have to catch a ferry to get to work.Each ferry leaves every half bit and not a minute late and I have to be there before 11am. I usually estimate my time right on point I wake up at 930 am it usually takes me 20 to 30 minutes or less to take a shower, get dressed, brush my teeth, and do my hair. I leave my family unit no later than 1015 am which puts me at the marina at 1045 am postponement on the bo at. Another example that I would like to discuss is getting my boyfriend back and forth to court when he has it being that he is from another county in the state of North Carolina and it takes us at least an hour and forty-five minutes to get there.When he does have court it usually takes in at 8am. We usually wake up at 620am (I know we are pushing it on the time) get dresses, melt the dogs and are out getting gas no later than 640am. We make this long drive down the interstate driving 80 to 85 miles an hour just to make it to court by roll call but for some odd reason we always make it on time. Thats what I call good estimation. Some negative effects when over and under estimating are sometimes had to tell because you never know what may be going on, on the highway.Lets dig into over estimating I think can be a good thing which means you are where you postulate to be early enough so that you are not rushing. It can also be a bad thing because if I leave my house too early and th e ferry is running late this means I may have to sit there for three maybe four hours waiting on a ferry which makes me miss money from work. Under estimating is always a bad thing because you really dont want to be late for anything that is important point blank period.Being that I live twenty minutes from the ferry I have to drive thru another town to get to the marina. Sometimes this town is very busy because they always have cook-offs, parades, and sometimes just traffic from the outage. So under estimating for me sometimes is a no, no because I never know how traffic is going to be. An real world example scenario being that I am a cosmetologist and I use to work in a hair salon and some specials we use to run were negative because it use to bring a lot of business but when the specials were over it was like back to running a slow salon.I think it was devastating to the owner because she was estimating that she had a great salon and a good location and it would bring a lot of cl ientele but because this town is so small I tried to explain to her some of these people dont like to change up their stylist because they have been going to them for a long time. So she estimated by running specials it would bring customers and keep them coming but she was sadly mistaken.

Car Parking Slot Allocation System

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Background of the debate lay in big set lap piece of ass be actu wholly(a)y challenging and effortful. Even when an indication is provided that a small percentage of expansion expansion one-armed bandits is still avail fitted in the enormous railway auto parks, close to device drivers do non seem to be fit to locate those one-armed bandits. Car lay Slot parceling System is a strategy that automates the searching and guides drivers on which location is their chosen slot located in the set ara. The administration is bearinged to prevent riddles usually associated with put railway autos in a certain pose lot. How does it perish?When a railway car is waiting at the enamour, the floozy pull up stakes give the driver the slot card tally indicating where to park in the athletic field. This exit avoid while delay if there atomic enumerate 18 any cars waiting in the entrance waiting for their turn. How does the system know which put slot to allocate? The throng drawd a simulation of a put lot which composed of two separate park disciplines Parking Area A and Parking Area B, and thus from each matchless area is consisting of 40 place slots. Beca uptake there are two parking areas in the parking lot, both of this areas forget be applied using tryst Algorithm.The application program of assignation algorithmic program in these areas go away barely allocate the va buttockst or available slots. Those slots that are non lazy or already occupy will not be allocated anyto a greater extent and this will be ignored by the system. The purpose of this dispatch is to simulate and consume a tangible parking lot surround that allocate unemployed parking slots using apportioning algorithm. As computer science students, the utilize and application of algorithm is the nigh important rigation of the field of Computer Science. Through this algorithm, this will tell the computer to do the task in the mo st efficient manner.Hence, by curbing Allocation algorithm in the groups moot, an effective and efficient solution in the enigmas of allocating parking slots will be slowly located by the system because of the application of algorithm. In addition, an algorithm is a solution of a problem by a quintetite sequence of instructions each of which can be performed by a machine. E precise computer program is essentially a set of instructions placed in a systematic fashion, that when executed, produce a desired result. The advantages c overed in this system will be drug user interaction, save f use, and effectiveness in demonstrating Allocation algorithm to those who dont know much slightly it. Further more(prenominal), the group hope that through with(predicate) this project, they can m destination technological cleansement to the car parking establishment in qualification an efficient and systematic car parking. Statement of the Problem The researchers envision solving the pr oblems by answering the followers questions 1. How does the application of Allocation algorithm will be implemented in the Car Parking Slot Allocation System? 2. How will Allocation algorithm allocate or search vacant slots? 3. impart Allocation algorithm allocate occupied slots? 4.How does the system know which parking slot to allocate? 5. How to simulate the parking areas consisting of 80 slots that applies Allocation algorithm? Objectives of the Study The primary objectives of this withdraw are the following 1. 2. To implement the application of Allocation algorithm in allocating and searching for vacant or available parking slot. 3. To create and design a sample parking lot that demonstrate the simulation and use of Allocation algorithm. 4. To test and prove that the used of Allocation algorithm in the simulation of the parking areas will be assistal, applicable and get. Significance of the StudyThis study will be implemented and expected to give good effects and will be be neficial to the following For the Operators, this study is significant to the Operators because this will provide a valuable guide to the advantages and disadvantages of the car parking operations. For the Car Drivers, this project easily assists the car drivers in break waterding parking slot quickly with no trouble. The system helps to cut down the amount of searching succession that drivers spend on looking for an available parking slot. therefore, through this project, it will save their time by providing instant space availability information and frustration levels.For the Students, they would be able to use this data for them to get the ideas and references if they are planning to conduct the same study. This study could inspire interested students to make their own project or improve and innovate on our project. This helps them enhance their skills and potential in their field of specialization. For the Future Researchers, this project will benefit other(a) group of rese archers who wish to on a lower floortake alike(p) studies as they can get more background information from the result of the study, which can serve as a basis to modify or improve their own research.For the Proponents, conduting this study is significant to the proponents because it can add knowledge in their field as a computer science student. It also enables them to research more about programming languages and various algorithms which is in truth essential in their course. Through this study, this also adds significant knowledge and experience to the proponents capabilities of making a simulation system. field and Delimitation There is no hardware required in the system, the group limit its study on the algorithm used together with the simulation of the parking lot.The group used Allocation algorithm in conducting the study to emphasize the use and its function in the implementation of the system. The group created a simulation of the parking lot so as to indicate the result of the algorithm. In the simulation, a car will run to locate the slot that has been guideed. Once the car backgroundes the plant slot, it will stop and the sprightliness ends there. The purpose of the simulation is to guide the driver to the slot where it is located. The group colored the vacant slots with color white, while the slots that are already occupied are colored with color red.Also in this study, the group included other features which is beneficial in the system such(prenominal) as generation of key out cards specifically list of cars report and income report, and the parking payment system. The parking payment system will calculate the total payment of the driver during its parking period. Other than that, this study will not describe problems regarding human decision making or behavior issues. Like, if the driver will park on the wrong slot of part to follow the actor had recommended, the system will identify the slot that the driver has chosen to be occupied and that the rong slot which the driver had wrongly put will be noticed as available in the system. Problems like this will arouse conflicts in the parking lot. The solution of this payoff will depend on the behavior of the driver. Another consideration in this study is that, if the parking area provides 5 slots, 5 cars can be parked in the area. When the driver forgets to recommend where he parked his car in an area, the operator will ask for the plate number of the car and then(prenominal) the system will identify where slot the car was parked. The driver is also able chose whether to follow recommendations provided by the operator of the system or not.The driver is still able to choose any slot he/she likes. This study is also not about creating new parking slots. Once a parking lot is fully loaded, the parking problem remains. There are other solutions to conclude that problem, but they are outside the scope of this study. Definitions of Terms Algorithm. It is the central c oncept of Computer Science. Formally, an algorithm is defined as a well-ordered collection of unambiguous and effectively computable operations that, when executed, produces a result in a finite amount of time. Algorithms are intended to crop computational problems.Allocation Algorithm. It is an algorithm that will only allocate slots which are vacant or available. Allocated Slot. A slot is called allocated when there is no car parked at the slot, but the system is guiding a car to that specific slot. Cars. This refers to those designed to run primarily on roads, typically have four wheels and is construct chiefly for thetransportationof people. Entrance. It is a location in the parking lot where cars can enter in the parking lot. run out. It is a location in the parking lot where cars can exit or leave in the parking lot.Full. A parking lot is called full or filled, if all the slots are occupied. This mean that no slot is vacant. Gray-box Testing. The gray-box testing is a comb ination of black-box and white-box testing. The intention of this testing is to find out the defects related to to unsound design or bad implementation of the system. Microsoft Access. It is the database application from the Microsoft Office Suite of applications. Usually abbreviated as MS Access. It is an easy-to-use program for creating and maintaining databases. Microsoft opthalmic staple 6. It is the third generation ve-driven programming language and integrated environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM programming manikin. Visual Basic is also considered a comparatively easy to learn and use programming language, because of its graphical organic evolution features and BASIC heritage. Occupied slot. A slot is called occupied if and only if a car is parked on the slot. Parking. It is the act of stopping a vehicle and leaving it unoccupied for more than a brief time. Parking Lot. It is a building or area that contains slots where cars can be parked. A parking lot has at le ast one entrance and exit. Simulation.It is the imitation of slightly real thing available, state of affairs, or process. The act of simulating something generally entails representing certain key characteristics or behaviors of a leaded physical or fleece system. Slot. A certain amount of space in a car park, often surrounded by white stripes, that can mark exactly one car. System. It is a collection of elements or characters that are organized for a common purpose. Vacant Slot. A slot is called vacant when there is no car parked on the slot, and the system is not guiding any car to this slot at the moment. Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIESApparently, this problem is not very new. Siemens already wrote about it in the early 90s and they were already thinking about solutions back than. Concrete results where not found at that time though. Toyota (a car manufacturer from Japan) started developing Parking Guidance and Information (PGI) systems in 1995. It looks l ike there isnt much guidance though. The users seem to guide themselves, after receiving information about parking intensity around the city. Initiatives like this also arose in other countries but they only indicate an approximation of the number of vacant slot per car park.Related Literature iSpot One of the initiatives out there is iSpot, also referred to as iPark. The creators, four students from Boston University, call it a vision based awareness system. The project place the exact same problem and tried to find a solution for it. Though the system uses digital cameras to detect whether slots are vacant or not, it does notch single space monitoring as well as parking slot reservation. Parking slot reservation can be compared with the user choice for certain slots.The information about which slot is vacant and which one isnt is communicated to the user at the entrance using an image of the car park, so the user can choose one of the vacant slots and drive there. Though their system has quite some overlap with the groups system, there are some problems which are not addressed. First of all, the system uses digital cameras in combination with license plate extraction to detect whether certain slots are occupied, and to keep move through of the cars. Though this power sound promising on paper, an initiative like this could get quite some resistance from organizations which are fighting for privacy.Another problem which is not addressed is the chaos of the crowd. Everybody sees which slots are vacant, but the system does not assign specific cars to specific slots. This could lead to a situation where car A sees a vacant slot on the screen at the entrance, and decides to go there. Car B sees the same vacant slot, because car A did not yet reach that slot, and also decides to choose that one. When car B arrives at the slot, he sees that car A already parked there. Car B is now lost in the big car park and the only way to find himself a vacant slot it to sear ch for it himself in the old fashioned way.This could not only happen for two cars, but as long as the first car did not reach the slot. All but the first of those cars will end up unsatisfied. If this keeps happening, the original problem isnt really solved at all. Cars drive to slots which turn out to be occupied when they arrive. IrisNET Another interesting project is called IrisNET from Intel. The project doesnt have much to do with the groups problem but defines a platform that connects cheap sensor-nodes, to the monitor. To speed up the acceptance of this platform, Intel created a agree of demo implementations.One of those demo implementations is called the Parking disfigurement Finder. Webcam information from a braggart(a) network of webcams, can be used for a higher goal, if combined. Feeds from webcams all over a car park, or as Intel states it, all over the city, can be combined to gather information about vacancy of parking slots. What does the display look like? Chea p webcams are pointed to parking slots, or small groups of parking slots. Computers near these webcams can process the information, and curb whether certain parking slots are vacant or not.This information can be fed to the network. Central computers gather all this information via IrisNET and combine it to make a list or vacant parking slots. This list can then be offered to other services, like Yahoo maps, for example. People could see the vacant slots on their car sailing system using existing technology. Its just a matter of connecting the services via IrisNET. It seems like a round system, even for a demo implementation. It is not take whether the problem of guiding multiple cars to the same spot or how to keep a reservation, was solved.Knowing the fact that this is just a demonstration of IrisNET, could mean that the system does not provide these extras. We can conclude that this Parking spot Finder is a great source of inspiration, but not a solution for the parking probl em as stated in the previous chapter. EzPARK EzPARK is the name of a company as well as the convergence they are developing. The mission statement of EzPARK is the following EzPARK is a low-cost, wireless parking lot infrastructure that enables the customers to see the empty spaces at the entrance, and leads them to their vehicles on their way back.This system seems to satisfy quite some of our requirements. EzPARK does what iSpot does, and on top of that, also leads customers back to their vehicles. Apart from that, the system also gives a hint to the driver, where to park the car, which is a form of guiding him. So if all the cars park where they are told to park, the system would work like the one we want. Unfortunately, that is a significant assumption. Apart from this, it is unclear how the system decides which slot to hint. How does EzPARK solve the problem? When the user enters the car park, he receives 2 RFID tokens and a hint where to park.One of the RFID tokens would be l eft in the car, to identify the car, and the other one would identity the user itself. The system can associate the two when the user returns for its car. The RFID tag in his car is also used to register whether a parking spot is occupied or not. combining the availability information of all spots can result in a hint for a new visitor. The entire car park will have to be filled with RFID readers, which communicate to each other wireless so all the information of the slot states can be centralized. These wireless units, so called MOTEs, are prefabbed sensor nodes.Apart from the fact that there is no actual guidance during the driving through the car park, this seems to be a very good product to solve the original problem. But the problem remains, what if driver D decides to park on the same spot as driver E, driving in motility of him. Driver E would have to go all the way back to the entrance to find a new parking slot, or he could solve it the old fashioned way. And why would th e system prefer one spot over another when giving a hint? Related Studies The Urban Parking Finder is another project, do by a small group of students. They tried to find the closest parking spot in an urban setting.Though their report doesnt describe how to mea accredited whether a spot is vacant or not, their simulation works like you would expect. They made a bunch of virtual streets with cars parked all over the place, and some vacant slots. A car could drive around within the streets and whe neer the user is interested in a parking slot, he can press a button and the system calculates the closest parking slot, as well as the shortest racetrack to that slot, and gives directions to the user to guide him. This solution only solves a small part of our problem but interestingly ample, a part that was not alludeed in the other initiatives.The students dont describe how exactly they calculate the closest parking slot, but it probably looks very much like the close to the exit all ocation algorithm. The Parking Space Optimization Service from the University of Zurich describe an e- Parking model where not only the driver and parking lots communicate with the system, but also events and businesses in the neighborhood, payment services etc. The system also takes anxiety of reservations. Cars can identify themselves using Blue excessivelyth when they enter or leave the car park. The payment is made mechanically when the car leaves the car park. enchant note that this system powerfulness seem brilliant on paper, the future seems to be far from a living implementation of such a system. Every user should have a properly configured Bluetooth device in his car. Another identification method could be used to solve this though. Apart from the identification issue, the paper does not mention any active guidance. The Parking Meter Supervision System describes an urban non-free parking system. This might not be the kind of system we are looking for, but this is a system that was actually tested in a Japanese city and the results are very promising.The system displays vacant parking spot information around the city so drivers can spend less time searching for a free slot. Without the system 14. 1 cars parked on a slot each day on average. After introducing the system, this increased to 15. 9 cars on a slot on average. These figures show the need for a parking guidance systems, though the problem might be slightly bigger in urban areas. The Evaluation of Parking hunting using sensor tries to solve the problem a little differently. Sensors are placed within the vehicles. These vehicles gather information while they drive.Vacant slots can be located this way. The information including a location is wirelessly transmitted to other cars within a certain cat. These cars retransmit the information to the cars they meet, and so on. If one driver is looking for a vacant slot, he/she will be informed of the existence of that slot by a passing car. All the information expires, so it doesnt leave the surrounding area of the parking slot. Thought this initiative might not directly solve our problem, the snuggle of the problem is original and worth mentioning. The system was simulated but never built.The IcanPARK is a remote management system for all types of car parks. Each slot is equipped with a little sonar system which determines whether a car is parked on that slot. Signs inform the driver where to find the nearest vacant slot. The entire system can be monitored by an operator, who can check the car park status, make reservations or close certain areas for maintenance. The allocation problem is not addressed in this project. Last but not least, the group found out about Sipark. Sipark is the worlds largest Parking Guidance System is in the making at Munich Airport, developed by Siemens.This system monitors each individual parking slot using ultrasound sensors and guides cars to vacant slot using this information. The guiding is d one by hundreds of LED displays all over the car park. The solution also includes zona and aisle counting. This means that any vehicles still en route to a parking space are also acquired by the system which avoids guiding too many drivers into a sector that only contained a few unoccupied spaces when the car entered the car park. Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY Method UsedThe researchers primary methods in conference information are through internet research, consultations, and observation and surveys. With these methods, the group is able to gather data on the behavior, practices, opinions, interests and perceptions of the drivers and parking establishment owners and even the parking operator on the existing and the proposed system, and then such data is analyzed, organized and interpreted. The analysis and design which is very crucial in the whole development of the project will be drawn based on the actual data gathered and also with the inputs coming from the groups IT Consultant.Source s of Data The sources of data that the group used are the methods and techniques applied in gathering informatiion that will formalize the necessities in order to simplify elaborate concerning the application of algorithm and simulation. However, the methods and techniques are not enough for the group, so they had also conducted a research on related literatures and existing studies with regards to the system. For that, related literatues and related studies contributed a lot because this leads them to give answers to some questions they had not understood.On the other hand, the group did have constant discussions with their IT Consulatant and Adviser, in which they suggested their ideas to help the group understand the flow of the system. With this, all gathered facts and information were significantly used for the generation of the system. appendage of the Study In conducting the study, the group had a discussion on the matter with regards to the development of the car parking s imulation system. The group initially identifies the objectives and aims of the study. hence, the group looked for related literature to see whether there are any initiatives like this. Looking for related literatures and studies is the most important look because in doing any project, it gives information and details about a certain study. Next, the group discussed the information gathered from the methods used and from the brief discussion with IT experts, the group are able to recognized and understand the spirit of the system to be built. From this, the group are able to identify the software and hardware requirements that will be used for this project.After getting all of the information, the next step is the coding and designing of the simulation of the system which denotes the programming and database interaction. Afterwards, the last step is the integration of both algorithm of the system and then test whether the system strive the goal or not and make an analysis of the project result. Requirements and Specifications For the research component of this project, access to the librarys resources and the Internet will be critical. to a greater extent importantly, this project involves a significant coding component.All coding for this project will be done in Visual Basic 6, and, where necessary, the group used the adobe brick Shockwave Flash 8 as a tool to display the car parking simulation interaction. Access to a decent computer with Microsoft Visual Runtime library and glut libraries installed will be essential. Microsoft Acces is used as the database of the system. No special hardware will be required. However, a faster computer (Pentium 500 or better) will help speed up the testing phases of the project, and a good graphics card 9GeForce or better) will ensure a smooth animation to see car parking simulator in operation.Approaches and Algorithm The goal of the project is to implement a parking lot simulation system that simulates car parking oper ations which guide drivers to a vacant parking slot. The focus will be on applying Allocation algorithm on the system which will determine and allocate the vacant slots. Allocation algorithm is noted for its performance and accuracy, it enjoys widespread used and it is widely used in pathfinding and graph traversal, the process of plotting an effeciently traversable path between points, called nodes. Peter Hart, Nils Nillson and Bertram Raphael first described the algorithm in 1968.Meaning, by applying this algorithm to the system, it will only allocate those slots which are vacant or available. Those slots which are already occupied will be unnoticed and will be ignored by the system. Though this algorithm will not be very sophisticated and not very complex, it just allocates vacant slots. The group finds that the application of Allocation algorithm is very interesting in the simulation of the system. In thedevelopment process, the group had used thetop-down approach which play a k ey role in this project.The top-down approach emphasize planning and a complete understanding of the system. Top-down approach is the process of breaking the overall procedure or task into component parts and then subdivide each component module until the lowest level of detail has been reached. It is called top-down approach since it starts at the top with a general problem and design specific solutions to its sub problems. using this method, a complex problem is separated into simpler parts, which can be programmed easily. Software Design and ProgrammingIn the software design and programming, the design is performed in a visualize and dilate manner, code generation of the system was accomplished without much complication. For this reason, the group used a high level programming language like the Microsoft Visual Basic 6. 0 for the coding and design of the system. With respect to the type of application, the right programming language is chosen essentially by the group for its gr aphical environment and ease of use. Implementation Besides the practical implementations of the system, the problem can also be used for theoretical purposes.In both the practical and theoretical implementations the time it takes to solve the problem has been essential. In certain instances, it has been proven that in order to solve the problem (to an optimum) an excessive amount of time is required. For such instances we have come to rely on algorithms that sacrifice the quality of the solution in favour of reducing the solving time. Testing Procedure In the testing procedure, the group tested the performance of the system according to the program made. The group used the gray-box testing. The gray-box testing is combination of black-box and white-box testing.The intention of this testing is to find out the defects related to bad design or bad implementation of the system. This means, every after coding and design of the system, application of gray-box testing takes place. The gro up designed test cases based upon their knowledge of the system. For example, the group consider a hypothetical case wherein they have to test the Allocation algorithm if it works as it was designed in the simulation of the parking lot. And after that by means of testing, it integrates as each feature is added in the system.Since the project is a computer program, testing included debugging the code and running through the program to make sure that it did what it was intended. The group used the gray-box testing because it is non-intrusive, it is not biased, and it applies straight forward technique of testing. The group makes sure that the system will work properly and accurately, and that through the use of gray-box testing, it will minimize and eliminate any errors that will interrupt in the system. TimeLine ID Task Start Finish Duration 1 Project Proposal 6/20/2011 6/24/2011 4 days Project Title Approval 6/27/2011 6/29/2011 2 days 3 Planning Analysis 7/1/2011 7/9/2011 8 days 4 Initial Data Gathering 7/11/2011 7/29/2011 18 days 5 Data molding 8/2/2011 8/13/2011 11 days 6 Problem Modeling 8/15/2011 8/22/2011 7 days 7 Project Objectives 8/17/2011 8/27/2011 10 days 8 Document Analysis 9/5/2011 9/30/2011 25 days 9 Algorithm 10/3/2011 10/15/2011 12 days 10 Final Project Documentation 10/13/2011 10/20/2011 7 days 11 Project Defense 10/22/2011 10/22/2011 1 day 2 System Modeling Requirements 11/7/2011 11/19/2011 12 days 13 System Coding 11/28/2011 2/13/2012 77 days 14 Database Implementation 12/5/2011 1/30/2012 53 days 15 Animation 12/12/2011 2/4/2012 54 days 16 System Analysis Design 1/16/2012 2/13/2012 28 days 17 System Testing Finalization 2/17/2012 2/25/2012 13 days 18 Final Documentation 2/13/2012 2/25/2012 12 days 19 Project PPT Presentation 2/23/2012 2/26/2012 3 days 20 Final Defense 2/28/2012 2/28/2012 1 day Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Results and DiscussionsAfter the group studied and set the objectives, problems and solutions, the function of the system, the programming language used and the current program it has, the implementation of Allocation algorithm takes place. At first, the group conducted several studies and researches on what approaches and algorithm were appropriate and compatible to the system to minimize the time of searching and allocating vacant slots. The group gathered all the necessary facts and came up to the use of one programming approach that has proven to be most productive, it is called the top-down approach.The top-down approach is the process of breaking the overall procedure or task into component parts and then subdivide each component module until the lowest level of detail has been reached. It is called top-down approach since it starts at the top with a general problem and design specific solutions to its sub problems. Using this method, a complex problem is separated into simpler parts, which can be programmed easily. thus, after gathering information and applying the to-down approach, the group started to program and apply the algorithm that was planned to be used.The program codes was initialized to integrate the simulation and the other features of the system that where also incorporated with the groups objectives. In the simulation of the system, the group started by determining the number of slots and came up with 80 slots. The group divide this 80 slots into two, making it 40 slots per area. There are two areas, parking area A and Parking area B. Parking area A and Parking Area B both occupies the Allocation algorithm. Filled or occupied parking slot are colored with red, while the vacant or available parking slot are colored with white.In the Parking Areas, both applies the Allocation algorithm where it only search and allocate the vacant slots. The slots which are not vacant will not be recognize because they are already occupied. For example, if parking slot 1A is already occupied, the slot will turned into red for indication that it is not anymore avail able. The system is responsible for choosing the parking slot available and will automatically print out the slot card number. If the driver is waiting in the parking lot, waiting for his turn to get inside, the operator will give the driver a printed slot card number so as to identify which area is the slot located.The good thing here is that, it will lessen the time of waiting and avoid time delay. The designing and development of the simulation was also very crucial for this will be the basis of implementing the Allocation algorithm. In the simulation, the car will locate the slot that has been selected, this serves as a guidance to the driver in locating the selected slot. Apart from this, other features of the system where also implemented such features are the payment system and generation of reports. These features are also very important for this will be very beneficial to the operator and the owner of the parking lot establishment.The calculation of payment is through the r ate per minute. This will calculate the time of entry in the parking lot, the duration of parking in the parking area until the car leaves the area. With this, the generation of income report is conducted since it is incorporated with the payment. Another generation of report is the list of cars, this are the records of all the cars that had park in the parking lot. The operator could view and print these reports daily, weekly, monthly, annualy or any days the operator wants.After implementing the simulation, the payment system and the generation of reports, the next thing the group implemented is the database of the system. The database is one of the most critical and sensitive part. The construction of the tables and the amount of data will either make or break the entire application. The database of the system is not quite large but the group make sure that the database will not be very complicated and complex. Upon database completion, technical and trial and error analysis were carried out by the group to remove glitches in the animation and also in the programming.Thus, through further study, implementation, analysis, and a series of testing of the entire system the group was able to achieve its goals and objectives. Chapter 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary There are various concepts in computer science which can be compared when searching, allocating and choosing the right parking slot. This concept is through the algorithm used. The algorithm used in this study is the Allocation algorithm. This algorithm allocates the parking slot that are vacant or available. Parking slots that are occupied will be ignored and will not be allocated by the system.The Allocation algorithm was initially analyzed, before implementing to the simulation system. A cost function is created to measure which of these algorithms would give better results under which circumstances. This cost function measured and calculate the efficiency and accuracy of the algo rithm used, and so the different algorithm was compared under different situation. Differences are small but there is quite something to win over the old situation where no guidance were given. The implementation of the Allocation algorithm along with the simulation of the parking lot can mimic most legal car movements.The simulation was created and tested and this seems to imitates the drivers preferences of choosing the parking slot and locate the slot directly. To summarize, the group implemented and tested the system succesfully, and met its desired goals and objectives of the project. Conclusions After a series of crucial programming and designing of the system, trial and error, and evaluating different allocation strategies, there are several conclusions to draw. The system met its desired expectations on the project.The system can now search and allocate which slots are available and occupied using the Allocation algorithm. The other features of the system such as the payment system and generation of reports was also implemented and can now be easy to managed because the system administrates the truth of the actual car parking lot. The slot that is chosen by the driver will get occupied as soon as he enters the parking lot. However, the group did not find a method to prevent neglecting of recommendations or choices of the driver, or in cases when the driver forgets which slot was recommended to him.In situations like this, whenever a driver might decide to neglect a recommendation or either his preferred choice of slot, this has a big influence on the system, but this is a matter of the drivers behavior. Because there was no actual parking lot to run tests on, the group implemented a parking lot simulation. The animation is relatively simple but it depict every step in developing Allocation algorithm. Nonetheless, before the animation takes place, some conditions must be met. The animation was done by using the Adobe Shockwave Flash 8, showing a graphi cal representation of the parking lot that communicates with the system.The simulation can model the most grassroots movements in a parking lot and the recommendation system can real-time adapt to new situations. The simulation is a tool to demonstrate the work of the different algorithms used by the group. Recommendations The system has many capabilities that the group did not include due to lack of time and budget of materials. Some of this is the printing of pass on of the payment system. The group would like to have the printer receipt but was too expensive. Along with that, the future researchers could also enhance the simulation of the system, like creating more slots and making more entrances and exits.Also for future recommendations, there are many rooms for improvement to ensure the reliability and impeccability of the system. A potential approach of enhancing the system is to implement the security system such as image processing technique so that security and safety in the parking lot is rest assured. This could be very helpful since safety is very important nowadays. And thus, the group would like to recommend the application of image compression algorithm for this will be very effective in a way of capturing images from time to time. Aside from that, another recommendation for future researchers is the reservation system.The reservation system does not take drivers preferences into work out yet, but people or the drivers specifically could be able to make a reservation over the internet and this reservation could be linked to the licence plate number of their car. So, these are just some of the recommendations that the group would like to commend on future reasearchers who are interested in making the study in a different manner. Chapter 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY Internet Sources 1Caldrera International Inc. (February 11, 2003) Allocation Algorithm. Retrieved, January 18, 2012. From www. osr507doc. sco. com/en/tools/ld_alloc. html web address. 2G. P. Keg el (March 2009) The Parking Spot Finder. Retrieved, October 10, 2011. From www. alexandria. tue. nl/extra1/afstversl/wsk-i/kegel2009 web address. 3Lou Tylee (1998) Learn Microsoft Visual Basic 6. 0. Retrieved, November 17, 2011. From www. thainguyen. edu. vn/Thanhvien/c2bachquangsc web address. 4Ningyuan Chen (September 2011) Simple Parking Lot Management System. Retrieved, August 3, 2011. From www. publications. theseus. final/handle/134024 web address. 5Ramdeo Anand (May 5, 2010) Gray-box Testing. Retrieved, February 15, 2012. From http//www. testinggeek. com/gray-box-testing web address. 6Rochester Institute of Technology ( declensionember 6, 2001) Best-Fit Allocation Algorithm. Retrieved, January 5, 2012. From www. cs. rit. edu/ark/lectures/gc/03_03_03. html web address. 7Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia (March 2011) Allocation Algorithm. Retrieved, September 29, 2011. From http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Allocation_algorithm web address. 8Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia (June 20 11) Top-down Approach. Retrieved, January 10, 2012. From http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Top_down_approach web address. Chapter 7 APPENDICES screen out Shots Fig. 1 Main Form (Parking Area A) Fig. 2 Main Form (Parking Area B) Fig. Login Form Fig. 4 Slot Card Form Fig. 5 out Car Form Fig. 6 Payment Rate Form Fig. 7 Account lay outting Form Fig. 8 Database Form Fig. 9 Logout Form REPORTS Fig. 10 Car List Report Form Fig. 11 Income Report Form Source Code ModPark________________________________________________________________ Global CON As ADODB. Connection Public RSpark As ADODB. Recordset submarine main() apparel CON = New ADODB. Connection CON. overt Provider=Microsoft. JET. OLEDB. 4. 0data source = App. form db. mdb jet oledbdatabase password=ParkMe loading frmMain frmMain. instal vbModeless Load frmLogin frmLogin. Show vbModeless wind up fill out frmMain________________________________________________________________ swooning x, y, z, s, ok As integer Dim pee, m As String semiprivate replace cmdPlay_Click() On wrongdoing GoTo PlayERR If clutch bag = accordingly slip by submarine If cmdPlay. provide = PLAY Animated Parking thusly cmdSearch. Enabled = sour cmdPark. Enabled = False If Right(hold, 1) = A Then swf1. LoadMovie 0, App. Path SWF hold . swf ElseIf Right(hold, 1) = B Then swf2. LoadMovie 0, App. Path SWF hold . swf culmination If For s = 1 To 40 lblcar2(s). Enabled = False lblCar1(s). Enabled = False Next cmdPlay. Caption = STOP Animated ParkingElseIf cmdPlay. Caption = STOP Animated Parking Then cmdSearch. Enabled = True cmdPark. Enabled = True If Right(hold, 1) = A Then swf1. LoadMovie 0, App. Path SWF . swf ElseIf Right(hold, 1) = B Then swf2. LoadMovie 0, App. Path SWF . swf mop up If For s = 1 To 40 lblcar2(s). Enabled = True lblCar1(s). Enabled = True Next cmdPlay. Caption = PLAY Animated Parking break If PlayERR displace hired gun semiprivate Sub Form_Unload(Cancel As Integer) If MsgBox(Are you sure you want to exit? , vbYesNo, System conk) = vbYes Then Me. Enabled = False Load frmLogOut frmLogOut. Show vbModeless lay off If Cancel = 1 end up Sub Private Sub lblCar1_Click(Index As Integer) For x = 1 To 40 If lblcar2(x). BackColor = vbYellow Then MsgBox There is a selected slot in Parking Area B. Please deselect it first by double-clicking the yellow slot before continuing. , _ vbOKOnly, Parking Area B slewor Exit Sub death If Next If lblCar1(Index). BackColor vbRed Then lblCar1(Index). BackColor = vbYellow hold = Index & A ElseIf lblCar1(Index). BackColor = vbRed Then hold = End If x = Index nump = x For Index = 1 To 40 If Index x Then If lblCar1(Index). BackColor vbRed Then lblCar1(Index). BackColor = vbWhite End If End IfNext End Sub Private Sub lblcar2_Click(Index As Integer) For x = 1 To 40 If lblCar1(x). BackColor = vbYellow Then MsgBox There is a selected slot in Parking Area A. Please deselect it first by double-clicking the yellow slot before continuing. , _ vbO KOnly, Parking Area A Error Exit Sub End If Next If lblcar2(Index). BackColor vbRed Then lblcar2(Index). BackColor = vbYellow hold = Index & B ElseIf lblcar2(Index). BackColor = vbRed Then hold = End If x = Index nump = x For Index = 1 To 40 If Index x Then If lblcar2(Index). BackColor vbRed Then lblcar2(Index). BackColor = vbWhite End IfEnd If Next End Sub Private Sub lblcar2_DblClick(Index As Integer) If lblcar2(Index). BackColor = vbRed Then Load frmOut frmOut. lblout. Caption = lblcar2(Index). Caption frmOut. Show vbModeless Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. break select * from tblPark where SlotNo= & lblcar2(Index). Caption & , CON, ad founderKeyset, adLockOptimistic With RSpark frmOut. txtPlate1. textual matter = Left( PlateNo, 3) frmOut. txtPlate2. school text = Right( PlateNo, 3) frmOut. lblTI = TimeIn End With Me. Enabled = False Exit Sub End If lblcar2(Index). BackColor = vbWhite hold = End Sub Private Sub lblCar1_DblClick(Index As Integer)If lblCar1(Index ). BackColor = vbRed Then Load frmOut frmOut. lblout. Caption = lblCar1(Index). Caption frmOut. Show vbModeless Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. discourteous select * from tblPark where SlotNo= & lblCar1(Index). Caption & , CON, ad disseminateKeyset, adLockOptimistic With RSpark frmOut. txtPlate1. textual matter = Left( PlateNo, 3) frmOut. txtPlate2. Text = Right( PlateNo, 3) frmOut. lblTI = TimeIn End With Me. Enabled = False Exit Sub End If lblcar2(Index). BackColor = vbWhite End Sub Private Sub mnuChange_Click() If user = Operator Then MsgBox Permission denied Please polish off the executive. , vbInformation, Administrator Only Exit Sub End If Me. Enabled = False Load frmAccount frmAccount. Show vbModeless End Sub Private Sub mnuDB_Click() If user = Operator Then MsgBox Permission denied Please progress to the Administrator. , vbInformation, Administrator Only Exit Sub End If Me. Enabled = False Load frmDB frmDB. Show vbModeless frmDB. Height = 980 frmDB. Width = 73 00 End Sub Private Sub mnuLogout_Click() Load frmLogin frmLogin. Show vbModeless End Sub Private Sub mnuExit_Click() Unload Me End Sub Private Sub mnuIncome_Click() Me. Enabled = False Load frmReport frmReport. Show vbModeless frmReport.Caption = Income Report End Sub Private Sub mnuList_Click() Me. Enabled = False Load frmReport frmReport. Show vbModeless frmReport. Caption = Car List Report End Sub Private Sub mnuLost_Click() Me. Enabled = False Load frmOut frmOut. Show vbmdeless frmOut. txtPlate1. Enabled = True frmOut. txtPlate2. Enabled = True frmOut. cmdSLost. Enabled = True End Sub Private Sub mnuRate_Click() If user = Operator Then MsgBox Permission denied Please contact the Administrator. , vbInformation, Administrator Only Exit Sub End If Me. Enabled = False Load frmRate frmRate. Show vbModeless End Sub Private Sub Timer1_Timer() blday. Caption = Format(Now, dd mmmm yyyy) lbltime. Caption = Format(Now, hhmmss AMPM) End Sub Private Sub txtPlate1_Change() If Len(txtPlate1. T ext) = 3 Then txtPlate2. SetFocus End If End Sub Private Sub txtPlate1_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer) If KeyAscii = vbKeyBack Then Exit Sub If KeyAscii vbKeyA Or KeyAscii vbKeyZ Then KeyAscii = 0 End If End Sub Private Sub txtPlate2_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer) If KeyAscii = vbKeyBack Then Exit Sub If KeyAscii vbKey0 Or KeyAscii vbKey9 Then KeyAscii = 0 End If End Sub Private Sub cmdPark_Click() If Len(txtPlate1. Text) 3 Or Len(txtPlate2.Text) 3 Then Exit Sub Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open select * from tblPark where PlateNo= txtPlate1. Text - txtPlate2. Text , CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockPessimistic With RSpark If TimeOut = - Then MsgBox The inputed plate number already exist. , vbInformation, Ops Exit Sub End If End With ok = 0 For z = 1 To 40 If lblcar2(z). BackColor = vbYellow Or lblCar1(z). BackColor = vbYellow Then z = 40 ok = 1 End If Next If ok = 1 Then Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open select * from tblPark, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockPes simistic With RSpark .AddNew Date = Format(Now, dd mm yyyy) PlateNo = txtPlate1. Text - txtPlate2. Text TimeIn = Format(Now, hhmm ampm) TimeOut = - SlotNo = hold Amount = 0 .update hold = End With blackguard Data adorn adjure Check txtPlate2. Text = txtPlate1. Text = lblS. Caption = cmdSearch. Caption = Search txtPlate1. SetFocus End If End Sub Sub DataPut() lv1. ListItems. Clear lv2. ListItems. Clear Dim d, y, holdDate As Variant Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open select * from tblPark where TimeOut= - , CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic With RSpark Do fleck Not .EOF d = Left( Date, 2) m = Mid( Date, 4, 2) Call month y = Right( Date, 4) holdDate = d m y If Right( SlotNo, 1) = A Then Set k = lv1. ListItems. Add(, , holdDate) k. SubItems(1) = PlateNo k. SubItems(2) = TimeIn k. SubItems(3) = SlotNo ElseIf Right( SlotNo, 1) = B Then Set k = lv2. ListItems. Add(, , holdDate) k. SubItems(1) = PlateNo k. SubItems(2) = TimeIn k. SubItems(3) = SlotNo End If .MoveNext Loop End With End Sub Sub month() Select incident m field 01 m = Jan Case 02 m = Feb Case 03 m = Mar Case 04 m = Apr Case 05 m = MayCase 06 m = Jun Case 07 m = Jul Case 08 m = Aug Case 09 m = Sep Case 10 m = Oct Case 11 m = Nov Case 12 m = Dec End Select End Sub Sub Check() For x = 1 To 40 lblcar2(x). BackColor = vbWhite lblCar1(x). BackColor = vbWhite Next Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open select * from tblPark, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic If RSpark. RecordCount 0 Then Do While Not RSpark. EOF For x = 1 To 40 If lblcar2(x). Caption = RSpark SlotNo Then lblcar2(x). BackColor = vbRed ElseIf lblCar1(x). Caption = RSpark SlotNo Then lblCar1(x). BackColor = vbRed End If Next RSpark. MoveNext LoopEnd If End Sub frmLogin_______________________________________________________________ Private Sub cmdExit_Click() If MsgBox(Are you sure you want to exit? , vbYesNo, System Exit) = vbYes Then Unload Me End Else Cancel = 1 End If End Sub Private Sub cmdGO _Click() Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open select * from tblAccount, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic If txtPass. Text = RSpark news And txtUser. Text = RSpark UserName Then Unload Me frmMain. Enabled = True frmMain. Show vbModeless Else MsgBox In worsen Username or Password. Please try again , vbExclamation, Login Error txtPass. Text = xtUser. Text = txtUser. SetFocus End If End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() Me. paradigm = Load demonstrate(App. Path ParkMe. ico) imgLogin. Picture = LoadPicture(App. Path GraphicLogIn. jpg) Dim mByte() As Byte Open App. Path Park. dat For Binary As 1 Open CWINDOWSdb. mdb For Binary As 2 ReDim mByte(0 To LOF(1)) Get 1, , mByte() Put 2, , mByte() Close 1 Close 2 End Sub frmSlotPrint___________________________________________________________ Private Sub Form_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer) lblEnter. Visible = False Dim f, w As Integer Me. PrintForm If KeyAscii = vbKeyReturn Or KeyAscii = 13 ThenIf MsgBox(Is there an approaching car? , vbYesNo, Parking Slot) = vbYes Then If Right(lblSlot. Caption, 1) = A Then back1 nump = nump + 1 If nump = 41 Then nump = 1 End If If frmMain. lblCar1(nump). BackColor = vbRed Then w = 0 For f = 1 To 40 If frmMain. lblCar1(f). BackColor = vbRed Then w = w + 1 If w = 40 Then MsgBox There are no more vacant parking slot , vbExclamation, Parking Area A Error Unload Me frmMain. Enabled = True frmMain. Show frmMain. txtPlate1. SetFocus Exit Sub End If End If Next GoTo back1 End If frmMain. lblCar1(nump). BackColor = vbYellow hold = nump & A ElseIf Right(lblSlot.Caption, 1) = B Then back2 nump = nump + 1 If nump = 41 Then nump = 1 End If If frmMain. lblcar2(nump). BackColor = vbRed Then w = 0 For f = 1 To 40 If frmMain. lblCar1(f). BackColor = vbRed Then w = w + 1 If w = 40 Then MsgBox There are no more vacant parking slot , vbExclamation, Parking Area B Error Unload Me frmMain. Enabled = True frmMain. Show frmMain. txtPlate1. SetFocus Exit Sub End If End If Next GoTo back2 End If frmMain . lblcar2(nump). BackColor = vbYellow hold = nump & B End If End If End If Me. Enabled = False Unload Me frmMain. Enabled = True frmMain. Show frmMain. txtPlate1. SetFocus End Sub rmOut_________________________________________________________________ Dim dumm, hold, hold1, hold2 As Single Dim hr, min As Variant Private Sub cmdCancel_Click() frmMain. Enabled = True Unload Me End Sub Private Sub cmdChange_Click() On Error GoTo Err txtAmount. Text = Format(txtAmount, 0. 00) txtChange. Text = Format(txtAmount dumm, 0. 00) If Left(txtChange. Text, 1) = - Then txtChange. Text = Right(txtChange. Text, 5) MsgBox The amount paid is not enough The amount lack P & txtChange. Text, vbExclamation, Payment Error txtChange. Text = End If Err End Sub Private Sub cmdCompute_Click()Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open select * from tblRate, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic If lblout. Caption = Then Exit Sub lblTO. Caption = Format(Now, hhmm ampm) hold1 = Left(lblTI. Caption, 2) * 60 h old1 = hold1 + Mid(lblTI. Caption, 4, 2) hold2 = Left(lblTO. Caption, 2) * 60 hold2 = hold2 + Mid(lblTO. Caption, 4, 2) If hold2 hold1 Then hold2 = hold2 + 720 End If dumm = hold2 hold1 If dumm 60 Then hold = dumm / 60 hr = hold If Mid(hold, 2, 1) = . Then hr = Left(hold, 1) ElseIf Mid(hold, 3, 1) = . Then hr = Left(hold, 2) End If hold = hr * 60 min = dumm hold lblTotal.Caption = hr hr/s and min min/s Else lblTotal. Caption = dumm min/s End If dumm = Format(dumm, 0. 00) * RSpark Rate lblPay. Caption = Format(dumm, 0. 00) End Sub Private Sub cmdOut_Click() If lblTI. Caption = Then MsgBox No plate number was found Please check the correct plate number again. , vbExclamation, Plate Number Error Exit Sub End If If txtChange. Text = Then MsgBox Please pay the parking payment first. , vbInformation, Payment Error Exit Sub End If Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open select * from tblPark where SlotNo= lblout.Caption , CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic With RSpa rk TimeOut = lblTO. Caption SlotNo = lblout. Caption . TimePark = lblTotal. Caption Amount = lblPay. Caption .Update End With frmMain. lblS. Caption = frmMain. cmdSearch. Caption = Search frmMain. Enabled = True Call frmMain. DataPut Call frmMain. Check frmMain. Show Unload Me End Sub Private Sub cmdSLost_Click() Dim dum As String dum = txtPlate1. Text - txtPlate2. Text Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open select * from tblPark where PlateNo= dum , CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic With RSpark lblout.Caption = SlotNo lblTI. Caption = TimeIn End With If lblout. Caption = Or Right(lblout. Caption, 1) = . Then lblout. Caption = lblTI. Caption = MsgBox Please type the plate number and click the Search button to out the car. , vbExclamation, Out Car Error End If End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() Me. Icon = LoadPicture(App. Path ParkMe. ico) imgOut. Picture = LoadPicture(App. Path GraphicLogIn. jpg) End Sub Private Sub txtAmount_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer) If Ke yAscii = vbKeyBack Or KeyAscii = 46 Then Exit Sub If KeyAscii vbKey0 Or KeyAscii vbKey9 Then KeyAscii = 0 End If End SubPrivate Sub txtPlate1_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer) If KeyAscii = vbKeyBack Then Exit Sub If KeyAscii vbKeyA Or KeyAscii vbKeyZ Then KeyAscii = 0 End If End Sub Private Sub txtPlate2_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer) If KeyAscii = vbKeyBack Then Exit Sub If KeyAscii vbKey0 Or KeyAscii vbKey9 Then KeyAscii = 0 End If End Sub frmRate________________________________________________________________ Private Sub cmdCancel_Click() frmMain. Enabled = True Unload Me End Sub Private Sub cmdSave_Click() Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open select * from tblAccount, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic If txtRate.Text = RSpark Password Then Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open select * from tblRate, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic RSpark Rate = txtNew. Text RSpark. Update MsgBox Your new rate is txtNew. Text, . , vbInformation, Rate Status frmMain. E nabled = True frmMain. Show Unload Me Exit Sub End If MsgBox Incorrect Password Please enter the correct password again. , vbExclamation, Password Error txtRate. Text = txtRate. SetFocus End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() Me. Icon = LoadPicture(App. Path ParkMe. ico) imgRate. Picture = LoadPicture(App. Path GraphicLogIn. pg) Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open select * from tblRate, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic txtCurrent. Text = RSpark Rate End Sub frmDB__________________________________________________________________ Dim x As Integer Private Sub cmdClear_Click() x = 0 lblDB. Caption = If MsgBox( process of monition All data will be permanently deleted. Are you sure you want to continue? , vbYesNo, Data Removal) = vbYes Then Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open select * from tblPark, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic If RSpark. RecordCount 0 Then Do While Not RSpark. EOF RSpark. Delete adAffectCurrentRSpark. Update RSpark. MoveNext Loop x = 0 lblDB. Caption = Call loadDB Call frmMain. DataPut Call frmMain. Check End If Else Cancel = 1 End If End Sub Private Sub cmdConfirm_Click() Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open select * from tblAccount, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic If txtPass. Text = RSpark Password And txtUser. Text = RSpark UserName Then Me. Height = 9150 Me. Width = 7530 cmdConfirm. Visible = False txtUser. Enabled = False txtPass. Enabled = False Call loadDB Else MsgBox Incorrect username or password. Please try again , vbExclamation, Administrator txtPass. Text = txtUser. Text = xtUser. SetFocus End If End Sub Sub loadDB() ListView1. ListItems. Clear Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open select * from tblPark, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic With RSpark Do While Not . EOF Set k = ListView1. ListItems. Add(, , Date) k. SubItems(1) = PlateNo k. SubItems(2) = TimeIn k. SubItems(3) = TimeOut k. SubItems(4) = SlotNo .MoveNext Loop End With End Sub Private Sub cmdDelete_Click() If x = 0 Then Exit Sub Dim d As Integer d = 1 If MsgBox(Warning Are you sure you want to delete this data? , vbYesNo, Data Removal) = vbYes Then Set RSpark = New ADODB. RecordsetRSpark. Open select * from tblPark, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic If RSpark. RecordCount 0 Then Do While Not RSpark. EOF If x = d Then RSpark. Delete adAffectCurrent RSpark. Update x = 0 lblDB. Caption = End If d = d + 1 RSpark. MoveNext Loop End If Call loadDB Call frmMain. DataPut Call frmMain. Check Else Cancel = 1 End If End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() Me. Icon = LoadPicture(App. Path ParkMe. ico) x = 0 End Sub Private Sub Form_Unload(Cancel As Integer) Unload Me frmMain. Enabled = True frmMain. Show vbModeless End Sub Private Sub ListView1_ItemClick(ByVal Item As MSComctlLib. ListItem) x = ListView1.SelectedItem. Index lblDB. Caption = Database line x End Sub frmReport______________________________________________________________ Dim RStemp As ADODB. Recordset Dim CRrep As CRAXDRT. Report Dim CRapp As CRAXDRT. Application Dim sel1, sel2, hold, mn, dy, yr As String Dim d, d1, d2, m, m1, m2, y, y1, y2, fin As Variant Dim pay As Single Private Sub cmdView_Click() On Error GoTo Err If lblMV1. Caption = Or lblMV2. Caption = Then MsgBox Please select the appropriate date of report you want to display. , vbInformation, Report Advisory Exit Sub ElseIf m1 m2 And y1 = y2 Or y1 y2 Or m1 = m2 And y1 = y2And d1 d2 Then MsgBox Invalid date range Please select the appropriate range of date. , vbExclamation, Report Advisory Exit Sub End If lblLoad. Caption = Loading. Screen. MousePointer = vbHourglass Set RStemp = New ADODB. Recordset RStemp. Open select * from tblTemp, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic If RStemp. RecordCount 0 Then Do While Not RStemp. EOF RStemp. Delete adAffectCurrent RStemp. Update RStemp. MoveNext Loop End If If Me. Caption = Car List Report Then Set CRrep = CRapp. OpenReport(App. Path CarList. rpt) ElseIf Me. Caption = Income Report Then Set CRrep = CRapp.Op enReport(App. Path Income. rpt) End If Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset Set RStemp = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open select * from tblPark, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic RStemp. Open select * from tblTemp, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic pay = 0 pay = Format(pay, 0. 00) Do While Not RSpark. EOF d = Left(RSpark Date, 2) m = Mid(RSpark Date, 4, 2) y = Right(rsparkDate, 4) If y1 = y2 Then If m1 = m2 And d = d1 And d = d2 And m = m1 And m = m2 Or _ m1 = m2 And m = m1 And m = m2 And d1 d2 And d = d1 And d = d2 Or _ m1 m2 And m = m1 And d = d1 Or _ 1 m2 And m m1 And m m2 Or _ m1 m2 And m = m2 And d = d2 And y = y1 Then RStemp. AddNew dy = Left(RSpark Date, 2) mn = Mid(RSpark Date, 4, 2) Call month yr = Right(RSpark Date, 4) hold = dy mn yr RStemp Date = hold RStemp PlateNo = RSpark PlateNo RStemp TimeIn = RSpark TimeIn RStemp TimeOut = RSpark TimeOut RStemp SlotNo = RSpark SlotNo RStemp TimePark = RSpark TimePark RStemp Amount = RSpark Amount RStemp. Update pay = pay + RSpark Amount End If ElseIf y1 y2 Then If m1 m2 And m = m1 And d = d1 Or _ 1 m2 And m m1 Or _ m1 m2 And m1 m And m m2 Or _ m1 m2 And m = m2 And d = d2 Or _ m1 = m2 And m = m1 And d = d1 Or _ m1 = m2 And m m1 Or _ m1 = m2 And m m2 Or _ m1 = m2 And m = m2 And d = d2 And y y1 Then RStemp. AddNew dy = Left(RSpark Date, 2) mn = Mid(RSpark Date, 4, 2) Call month yr = Right(RSpark Date, 4) hold = dy mn yr RStemp Date = hold RStemp PlateNo = RSpark PlateNo RStemp TimeIn = RSpark TimeIn RStemp TimeOut = RSpark TimeOut RStemp SlotNo = RSpark SlotNo RStemp TimePark = RSpark TimeParkRStemp Amount = RSpark Amount RStemp. Update pay = pay + RSpark Amount End If End If RSpark. MoveNext Loop fin = Format(pay, 0. 00) If Me. Caption = Income Report Then CRrep. Sections(4). ReportObjects(crtxtTotal). SetText fin End If If lblMV1. Caption = lblMV2. Caption Then fin = lblMV1. Caption Else fin = lblMV1. Caption lblMV2. Caption End If CRrep. Sections(1). ReportObjects(crtx tDate). SetText fin CRrep. Database. Tables(1). SetDataSource RStemp Screen. MousePointer = vbHourglass CRViewer91. ReportSource = CRrep CRViewer91. ViewReport Screen. MousePointer = vbDefault lblLoad.Caption = Err End Sub Sub month() Select Case mn Case 01 mn = Jan Case 02 mn = Feb Case 03 mn = Mar Case 04 mn = Apr Case 05 mn = May Case 06 mn = Jun Case 07 mn = Jul Case 08 mn = Aug Case 09 mn = Sep Case 10 mn = Oct Case 11 mn = Nov Case 12 mn = Dec End Select End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() Me. Icon = LoadPicture(App. Path ParkMe. i

Crown Cork and Seal

Crown Cork and Seal Competitive Environment Analysis Exercise bodily Purpose Crown Cork and Seal had trey segments Metal Containers (cans), Closures (crowns), and packaging equipment. Metal containers argon cans used in things such as soft crapulences or aerosol cans. These were made from firebrand until being switched everyplace to aluminum in the early 80s. Crowns which are closures for any type item such as a jar. Metal containers generated 65% of Crowns $1. 88 billion 1988 sales, while closures generated 30% and packaging equipment 5%. The mission of Crown Cork and Seal was to be successful. To do this Connelly had to take control of cost. He did this by first trimming the workforce by letting go anyone not needed which expurgated payroll by 24%. The second whole step was to institute the c erstwhilept of accountability. He did this by instilling pride and a sense of workmanship in the employees. He as well as gave plant managers responsibility for plant profitabilit y as well as attribute and customer service. Last but not leased he centre on the companys debt. He paid off the banks through inventory reduction and liquidation. His vision and strategy for the future emphasized cost efficiency, quality, and customer service. Connelly did this by focusing on the companys strengths. He was able to improve on their strengths by focusing on the beverage can and new aerosol market. Simultaneously, he change manufacturing including adapting to customer needs. Environment Analysis General Environment Demographic 1989 over 120,795,000 metal cans were sold. Socio-Culture The movement away from metal cans to plastic and glass has been a puzzle as they gain a bigger market share. Political-LegalPolitical will play a big part in recycling and the push for vent green. This will also take effect for the legal aspects as new laws will be in place for more recycling and cleaners campaign manufacturing plants. TechnologicalShut down old out dated plants and opened up new plants across the US with new equipment. Economic As higher(prenominal) shove off prices hit lighter products such as plastic will be more economical to ship to customers verses a heavier metal can. Global Connelly focused on international growth. He specifically targeted developing countries. Soon foreign plants generated 44% of sales and 54% of operating profits.Competitive surroundings Buyers The competitive environment for the buyers appears to favor the buyers over Crown Cork and Seal and its competitors for many reasons. Major buyers in this industry include Coca-Cola Company and Incorporated, Anheuser-Busch, and PepsiCo. In other words on that point are a low number of buyers, all of which are very large and decent companies. The size distribution is mostly centered on these study buyers however in that location are other companies such as Seagrams, Molson, and Labatt. Because there are so few companies for CCS to sell to, a high percentage of sales are d ependent on these buyers.This low number of buyers is due to consolidation within the soft drink segment, from 8,000 bottlers in 1980 to about 800 in 1989. Generally 45% of the total cost to buyers went into purchasing the cans. Due to the total cost of cans, buyers try to maintain many relationships with many can makers to step-up bargaining power and reduce costs. As a result of this the buyer is not heavily dependent on one single can company. Switching costs are also lower for buyers for the same reason they already have many resources to choose from. Buyers also are apt(predicate) to profit fairly well compared to can manufacturers. privy manufacturers must maintain low prices in order to compete with each other to gain share over these very few yet powerful buyers. Some brewers are avoiding switching costs all together through opposed entry into the market. By 1989, due to production of cans by captive plants, 25% of all can output was produced by captive plants. By 1980 br ewers had capability to supply 55% of their can needs. As a result threat of backward entry is very likely for brewers. It is easier for brewers to do this because they make high-volume single-label products.While at the same time soft drink industry could not easily do this because they focused on low-volume multiple-label products. The aluminum can has three major substitutes buyers can choose from Plastic bottles, which constituted for 11% of soft drink sales in 1989 along with a growth rate from 9 to 18% from 1980 to 1989 Glass bottles, which constituted for 14% of sales in the soft drink industry in 1989 and steel cans. The aluminum can however is a unique and valuable product to the industry, which is why they constituted for 75% of total sales in 1989.As stated in the case aluminum has many advantages over its substitutes. Aluminum is lighter than glass and steel, aluminum is easy to handle and fill, aluminum allows for a wider regeneration of graphics options, and also cons umers prefer aluminum. Because this product is so unique and advanced, it absolutely increases the buyers product quality. Cans have a longer shelf behavior than plastics and bottles, they are lighter and easier to handle, and since they are coated with a protected seal inside the can taste is not sacrificed. All of which add place and quality to the finished product given to be consumed.Suppliers There are three large aluminum suppliers Alcoa, Alcan, and Reynolds Metals. Alcoa is the largest producer of aluminum with sales of $9. 8 billion, Alcan ranked a close second with $8. 5 billion in sales, and Reynolds Metals is ranked second in the united states with sales of $5. 6 billion. The percentage of our supplies that come in from large suppliers are 21% aluminum and 23% steel. Crown Cork and Seal represents 61% of sales for large suppliers. The supplied product is unique in that they have injected the aluminum cans gas to help the metal retain its shape.This allows the cans to h old more than just caffeinated beverages. Also, the steel is produced thinner to cut costs and weight and there are in time steel/ aluminum mixes. In addition to aluminum and steel, there are glass and plastic suppliers that offer unique products found on function. There are ceaselessly substitutes for a particular supplied product. With the advancement in technology, a cheaper, lighter product could be developed or a new innovative product could be discovered. For example Bottling has transitioned over the decades from being primarily glass, then to steel, and now aluminum.The cost for switching a particular supplied product would be $20-$25 million based on the finding of switching from three piece to two piece cans. From reviewing the case, there does not seem to be a supplier that is excessively profitable. notwithstanding though Alcoa has the largest share of the market making $9. 8 billion in sales, Alcan is not too far behind with the $8. 5 billion. The other suppliers co uld always come out with a product which would give them a greater competitive advantage, and give threaten Alcoas top ranking position.In addition to profitability, there is a great likely hood to forward entry by a supplier. Reynolds Metals, who is a supplier, sold over 11 billion cans itself. The suppliers product is very important to our product quality. The difference dallyween the economic value of resources used and the value of the aluminum can to the brewer makes up the surplus value between what the supplier sells the aluminum for and what Crown Cork and Seal can get for it. Competitors Entrants There are a number of threatening entrants to the can manufacturing business.As the market continues to see more suppliers producing cans, and more brewers skipping the middle man (can manufacturer), the threat becomes more serious. Substitutes The shift towards plastic bottles, and perhaps more innovative materials are the threats to substitutes for cans. Corporate Profitability and Productivity Please See Appendix A Threats to Competitive Equilibrium A 10X force that may come from the general environment to greatly disturb Crown Cork and Seals equilibrium in the market might be a socio-cultural shift to be more wellness conscious.This may hurt the soft drink industry especially hard since they are so high in sugar and there is an epidemic of diabetes and childishness obesity in America. In 1989, soft drinks accounted for more than 50% of the beverage industry. If the health craze were to gain momentum, it could cut into soft drink sales severely. This would increase the market for water and juices. However, water and juice tend to come in plastic containers for the most part. Crown, Cork & Seal never got into the plastics market and this could be a huge problem for them.If they do not find a new market for their products they might be left out in the cold once a health revolution occurs in society. The impact on sales would be overwhelming. This would bri ng profits way down and they may even out to have losses if they do not make adjustments fast enough. Their assets may also decrease in value because there would be less indigence for can making machines due to an increase in the need for plastics making machines. With this massive shift in end-user sentiment, Crown, Cork, and Seal would have trouble convincing investors and banks to bet on them thus increasing their cost of capital greatly.A 10X force from the competitive environment could come from Crown, Cork, and Seals buyers, especially soft drink bottlers. There has been a stylus of consolidation among soft drink bottlers and they have used this to gain leverage over their suppliers and get discounts for their bulk orders. If they were to continue with this trend of consolidation, it could create a scenario in which the bottlers could make their cans in-house cheaper than ordering them from companies like Crown, Cork, and Seal. This would be devastating for Crown, Cork, and Seal to say the least.Since soft drink bottlers are Crown, Cork, and Seals largest buyer, this would likely put so much stress on the company that it would eventually become obsolete unless the trend changed or the company shifted their focus in the lead it was too late. This 10X force would bring sales way down for Crown, Cork, and Seal. Even if their sales were not hit as hard as possible, their profits would likely suffer anyway because of the pressure their buyers would be able to put on them with the threat of in-house can manufacturing.Their assets would not drop too much in value because there would still be a market for can manufacturing equipment in this scenario. Crown, Cork, and Seal would likely find it more difficult to attract investors to their company and even their cost of debt would increase with a likely decrease in the rating of their bonds. These two setbacks would drive up their cost of capital and make it difficult to come along money to shift their focus i f they wait too long to do so.