LAB one Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

One - Lab Report Example Upon a thorough analysis of the lab, the following is what was found out (Sanders 2007). It is vital to note that, I firstly noticed that, the number of packets captured was dependent on the size of a particular URL. That is, the smaller the URL the lower the number of packets and the bigger the URL, the higher the number of packets. Additionally, I perceived that the first two packets in the beginning of trace are in most cases made up of equal size while the third one is of the smallest value compared to the other two. Furthermore, I noted that when the value (200 OK) appears in a trace result, then, it means that the fetch operation of a particular URL or website site must has been successfully executed (Sanders 2007). Lastly but certainly not the least, regarding the lengths of the network packets, the following is what was captured. The first one is of the length 76 units. The second one was of the same size at the first one, which is 76 units. The third one is of the length, 64 units (Sanders

Evolution of New Media Essay Example for Free

Evolution of New Media Essay The advancement of technology has transformed dramatically in the 21st centaury and affects every aspect of our everyday lives. With the comparison of a South African example of traditional and new media products, in the form of the print and the on-line news providers of the Mail Guardian news product, this essay seeks to evaluate the implications of the development of new media, and its affects on the likes of traditional news products. Before delving into the issue of the impact that new media has on traditional media, it is important to define these two terms. Traditional media is commonly seen in the form of radio, television and print (newspapers). Each are separate entities and are independent of each other. They do not rely on each other for existence and do not influence each other in any way. As the term, traditional media, is an incredibly broad term, it is difficult to give a precise definition for it. Rather, it is in contrast to the concept of new media that a fitting definition for the term traditional media is formed. Print media, in the form of the Mail Guardian newspaper, is a South African example of traditional media. The term new media refers to the forms of media content that combine and integrate data, text, sound and images of all kinds(Flew, 2003: 10). The on-line news provider, Mail Guardian, is a South African example of new media. The website incorporates images, texts and sounds-all of which are separate medium-and brings them together under one roof. This bringing together of various medium to form one entity is known as convergence (Dessaucer, 2004: 123). It is this idea of convergence of various media, which defines the term new media. Unlike the print edition of the Mail Guardian, the on-line version offers a broad range of modifications to its traditional counterpart. Rather than being printed on paper, news articles of the on-line news provider are presented in digital form. This is a seemingly obvious observation, however, it highlights the evolution of traditional media into the more popular form of new media. There is also a noticeable difference between traditional and new media in that rather then flipping through pages of undesirable texts and articles, the reader of on-line news sites actively selects the articles that they wish to read by effortlessly clicking a mouse. Furthermore, on-line news providers provide more than merely news articles. Through features called hyperlinks, readers can be transported to various other websites such as sports, music sites and even virtual gambling (Flew, 2003). Hence on-line news providers extend beyond the realms of merely providing news, but rather as technology co ntinues to develop, and the boundaries of one website and another become blurred, they begin to assume a more all-rounded focus. Online news services allow the reader the luxury of setting a specific section of the news as the front page, opposed to traditional media, where the content of the front page, is dictated by the editor. Among the many other advantages generated by new media is that it allows for articles to be reported in real time and updated often (Dessaucer, 2004: 123). Most print media are usually printed twice a day. In the case of the print form of the Mail Guardian, it is only printed once a week. Hence, if a news story breaks after the paper has been printed, readers are required to wait a full week to get its take on the matter. In the case of a reader missing a weeks edition of the newspaper, they will find much difficulty in trying to retrieve it. With the advancement of technology, the Mail Guardian online caters for issues such as these. New media allows for storage of information without causing cluttering-as would be found in the storing of old newspapers. By creating archives where readers can actually retrieve past information, the issue of loosing out on a weeks worth of news is eliminated. The Mail Guardian online, has the ability, unlike that of traditional print media, to upd ated and edit its stories as often as required. So, readers of online news services are kept up to date on breaking news, in real time, as opposed to the readers of the print version of the Mail Guardian, who receive breaking news a week after it actually occurs. Here again the advantages of new media are highlighted. The likes of traditional print media are also limited by space, resulting in the actual content to be limited. Thus in traditional print media, only selected articles feature in the news. On the other hand, new media, in the form of on-line articles, tend to contain more in-depth articles, as well as provide additional information on related topics in the form of layered journalism (Dessaucer, 2004: 125). This idea of layered journalism, utilizes the feature of hyperlinks (Flew, 2003: 15). As explained earlier, hyperlinks provide the reader with links to other related information, including past stories, multimedia features and links to other websites that offer primary source information on a specific subject (Dessaucer, 2004: 124). The advantage of this is that the reader is provided insight into specific topics, without much effort and without actively having to search for it. Limitations to traditional media are found in the area of interactivity. Person-to-person interactivity in traditional media is extremely limited in comparison to that of new media forms, which both facilitates and stimulates interactivity on all levels. Internet usage involves person-to-person communications, group communicationthrough electronic mail (email), news groups, chat rooms, mailing lists and the World Wide Web (Flew, 2003: 12). This increased interactivity, stimulated by new media, allows the reader to assume a more active role rather than a passive one. New media benefits the journalist as much as it does the reader. New media and the idea of convergence, allows for a journalist to film a news event, interview people, write an article on the event and send it to his/her editor, who will post the article on-line, all in a matter of minute and all with the same instrument. Again this emphasises the idea of real-time journalism, opposed to traditional media, where a journal ist first has to film an event, then they have to interview people and only then can they write their article. Furthermore, if the event is a far distant from the place where the article will be published, it will take a considerable amount of time for the article to reach the editors. Only after this whole procedure, can the article be published, by which time the then breaking news would have already been forgotten by the public. It is this slow, relentless pace that sets traditional media light-years apart from new media. It is estimated that by 2005, approximately 194 million people will be on-line in the U.S. alone. Research shows that from 1996-2000, the number of people on-line had increased by a staggering 149% (Dessaucer, 2004: 124). With new medias increasing popularity, it is not surprising that that newspaper readerships have been declining worldwide (Flew, 2003: 101). As reading of newspapers is becoming a less popular activity, it is surprising to note that on-line news providers are not yet the dominant news source (Dessaucer, 2004: 124). One only wonders how long it will take for on-line news services to be the service of choice, considering all its advantages, as well as the staggering growth rate of new media users. Although losing popularity worldwide, there is still a market for traditional media in the form of the poorer third world communities. In order to utilise new media, one is required to have the necessary knowledge, facilities and infrastructures readily at hand. This poses problems for poor third world communities, as all these essentials are incredibly expensive to orchestrate and implement. These communities barely have money for food let alone unnecessary luxuries in the form of advanced technology. Other issues which surface when dealing with new media is the idea of ownership and funding. As technology advances into the 21st century along this information highway, it is those companies who are active on the global stage, across different media such as the likes of the South African company, Johncom, that actually own and fund these online services (Steemers, 1999: 232). As these companies are usually based in the west, it is the western style democracies, which have traditionally influenced broadcasting policy (Steemers, 1999: 233). Hence, issues of plurality and cultural diversity arise, as these companies usually neglect to consider the views and styles preferred by other communities (Steemers, 1999). Furthermore, The idea of converge nce, in new media, which allows for a person to read the news, receive the latest sports updates, check his/her shares on the stock exchange while talking to his loved ones overseas depositing money into his bank account and listening to the radio all at the same time raises the issue to attention. The fact that the reader is partaking in various activities at once highlights the fact that the focus of attention has the tendency to move at an alarming rate (Steemers, 1999: 233). Conclusion: As technology continues to advance and new media continues to assume an ever-increasing influence in the media industry, it seems inevitable that traditional media will slowly be phased out of existence and in fact evolves into what is known as new media. However, in as much as new media is seemingly the way of the future and provides seemingly endless opportunities for its users, it only focuses on a niche market, leaving behind the poorer third world communities. Until such a time that access, infrastructure and education about new media are made affordable and available to these poorer communities worldwide, print media and traditional media, it seems, will continue to exist. Rather than suffocating it into extinction, it is likely that traditional media and new media will exist side by side for a long time to come. REFERENCE LIST * Dessaucer, C. 2004. New Media, Internet News and News Habit. In Howard, P and Jones, S (ed), Society Online, London: Sage, 121-136. * Flew, T.2003. New Media: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. * Steemers, J. 1999. Broadcasting is dead. Long live digital choice. In Mackay, H and OSullivan, T (ed), The Media Reader. London: Sage, 231-249.

Physics is Everywhere Essay -- Essays Papers

Physics is Everywhere Physics is like math; it is always being used everywhere, whether we are conscious of it or not. With the use and knowledge of physics, one can take into account that knowledge to help them perform a deed more successfully and efficient. Although skydiving and weight lifting aren’t the only activities that involve physics, I feel that they are some of the most interesting and benefit seeking activities. Without the knowledge of physics, skydiving wouldn’t be as safe as it is today and weight lifters wouldn’t be able to lift five times their weight. The history of the physics of skydiving and weight lifting has been affected by implications socially and economically. Over the years, these activities have been altered due to increasing knowledge of physics, and this knowledge will continue to expand as time elapses. In 1797 the Frenchman Andre Jacques Garnerin performed the first parachute plunge from an aircraft using a basket below an open parachute, which was made of silk and solidified with supporting poles (The History of Sport Parachuting). When the first parachute was dropped, physicists didn’t have a wealth of knowledge about the physics that supported skydiving. Ever since the first drop, skydiving has been an evolving sport, as this is due to the developing knowledge of physics. Skydiving is perceived as a very risky sport in the eyes of the public; therefore, in order for the sport to continue, physicists needed to discover ways to reduce the risks involved. They were successful in doing this by developing better equipment and techniques. The economical impact of skydiving has been huge. The research involved in the design of the chute, the materials used, and the engineering invo... ...s. â€Å"Physics in Action† 4 June. 1997. 15 Nov. 2005. http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/projects/frig/piabycbu/pia1.html - George, Jeff. â€Å"Physics and Skydiving†. NASA. 15 Nov. 2005. http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/qa_gp_fm.html - Hewitt, Paul. â€Å"Conceptual Physics.† St. Petersburg Fl. 2006. Tenth Edition. - â€Å"Physics of Skydiving†. 15 Nov. 2005. http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/211.fall2000.web.projects/Vlad%20Paverman/skydiving.htm - Sabra, Phil. â€Å"What is the physics involved in skydiving?† 2005. PhysLink. 15 Nov. 2005. http://www.physlink.com/Education/AskExperts/ae536.cfm - Sharrow, Dustin. â€Å"A Short History of Bodybuilding†. BMEZINE. 2 Dec. 2003. 15 Nov. 2005. http://www.bmezine.com/news/dustin/20031202.html - â€Å"The History of Sport Parachuting† BPA. 15 Nov. 2005. http://www.bpa.org.uk/history.htm

Animal Farm: Depicts the Views of Communist Society

Animal Farm The views of communism are not very common today simply because of how impractical they are. The human nature to create hierarchy is a direct contradiction to the views of communist society. Animal Farm is George Orwell’s comment on communism in the form of a satire where the animals on a farm rebel against the farmer and seize control. From the first stirring of rebellion, there are resolutions to keep all animals equal.However, the farm soon went from a utopia to something far from perfect as the pigs slowly take reigned over the other animals. The pigs completely corrupt Old Major’s vision of Animalism by taking special privileges, changing the commandments, and exploiting the animals. At the start of Manor Farm’s transition to animal farm, the pigs rewrite Old Major’s idea of Animalism and Squealer is forced to change the Commandments to fit new circumstances. The first alteration to the Commandments comes after the pigs move into the Mr.Jo nes’ farmhouse. A few animals remember something in the commandment specifically on beds, but cannot muster much because of their inferior intelligence. The ban on sleeping in beds is changed in Napoleon's favor by the addition of the words â€Å"with sheets† to the fourth commandment (â€Å"No animal shall sleep in a bed†. These suspicions are further forgotten as Squealer assures the other animals that the pigs sleep in beds with blankets, and have gotten rid of the sheets.In addition, the pigs start to drink alcohol. When Napoleon gets drunk, many animals are alarmed and shocked, but all that ultimately happens is that the words â€Å"to excess† are added to the fifth commandment (No animal shall drink alcohol). It is evident that Old Major’s speech was in vain as the pigs ignore the old pig’s warnings and start to attain human traits. There is no subtle change to the third or first Commandments about wearing clothes and walking on two le gs.This is because by the time the pigs start to put on clothes and walk on two legs, they are so powerful that it is unnecessary. Instead, all of the â€Å"unalterable laws† are abandoned and Old Major’s inspiring commandments are replaced by the slogan- â€Å"All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others. † The pigs’ changes to the original views of Animalism causes them to take control and essentially put the farm back into its previous condition before the rebellion.The sole difference was the control of Farmer Jones, and that of â€Å"our Leader, Comrade Napoleon†. George Orwell uses Anima Farm to portray the pitfall of a totalitarian society. Orwell shows his opposition by creating a novel with animals representing different people in the world. The author’s message is a warning of what comes with communistic governments and dictatorships. The pigs and animals on the farm are simply an allusion to the communist societies i n the world today.

Humman Cloning

* INTRODUCTION: The world of science and the public at large were both shocked and fascinated by the announcement in the journal Nature by Ian Wilmut and his colleagues that they had successfully cloned a sheep from a single cell of an adult sheep (Wilmut 1997). Scientists were in part surprised, because many had believed that after the very early stage of embryo development at which differentiation of cell function begins to take place, it would not be possible to achieve cloning of an adult mammal by nuclear transfer.In this process, the nucleus from the cell of an adult mammal is inserted into an ennucleated ovum, and the resulting embryo develops following the complete genetic code of the mammal from which the inserted nucleus was obtained. But some scientists and much of the public were troubled or apparently even horrified at the prospect that if adult mammals such as sheep could be cloned, then cloning of adult humans by the sameprocess would likely be possible as well.Of cour se, the process is far from perfected even with sheep— it took 276 failures by Wilmut and his colleagues to produce Dolly, their one success. Whether the process can be successfully replicated in other mammals, much less in humans, is not now known. But those who were horrified at the prospect of human cloning were not assuaged by the fact that the science with humans is not yet there, for it looked to them now perilously close. The response of most scientific and political leaders to the prospect of human cloning, indeed of Dr. Wilmut as well, was of immediate and strong condemnation.In the United States, President Clinton immediately banned federal financing of human cloning research and asked privately funded scientists to halt such work until the newly formed National Bioethics Advisory Commission could review the â€Å"troubling† ethical and legal implications. The Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) characterized human cloning as â€Å"ethica lly unacceptable as it would violate some of the basic principles which govern medically assisted reproduction. These include respect for the dignity of the human being and the protection of the security of human genetic material† (WHO 1997).Around the world similar immediate condemnation was heard, as human cloning was called a violation of human rights and human dignity. Even before Wilmut’s announcement, human cloning had been made illegal in nearly all countries in Europe and had been condemned by the Council of Europe (Council of Europe 1986). A few more cautious voices were heard, both suggesting some possible benefits from the use of human cloning in limited circumstances and questioning its too quick prohibition, but they were a clear minority.In the popular media, nightmare scenarios of laboratory mistakes resulting in monsters, the cloning of armies of Hitlers, the exploitative use of cloning for totalitarian ends as in Huxley’s Brave New World, and the murderous replicas of the film Blade Runner, all fed the public controversy and uneasiness. A striking feature of these early responses was that their strength and intensity seemed to far outrun the arguments and reasons offered in support of them— they seemed often to be â€Å"gut level† emotional reactions rather than considered reflections on the issues.Such reactions should not be simply dismissed, both because they may point us to important considerations otherwise missed and not easily articulated, and because they often have a major impact on public policy. But the formation of public policy should not ignore the moral reasons and arguments that bear on the practice of human cloning— these must be articulated inE-4 order to understand and inform people’s more immediate emotional responses. This paper is an effort to articulate, and to evaluate critically, the main moral considerations and arguments for and against human cloning.Though many peopleà ¢â‚¬â„¢s religious beliefs inform their views on human cloning, and it is often difficult to separate religious from secular positions, I shall restrict myself to arguments and reasons that can be given a clear secular formulation and will ignore explicitly religious positions and arguments pro or con. I shall also be concerned principally with cloning by nuclear transfer, which permits cloning of an adult, not cloning by embryo splitting, although some of the issues apply to both (Cohen and Tomkin 1994).I begin by noting that on each side of the issue there are two distinct kinds of moral arguments brought forward. On the one hand, some opponents claim that human cloning would violate fundamental moral or human rights, while some proponents argue that its prohibition would violate such rights. On the other hand, both opponents and proponents also cite the likely harms and benefits, both to individuals and to society, of the practice. While moral and even human rights need not be un derstood as bsolute, that is, as morally requiring people to respect them no matter how great the costs or bad consequences of doing so, they do place moralrestrictions on permissible actions that appeal to a mere balance of benefits over harms. For example, the rights of human subjects in research must be respected even if the result is that some potentially beneficial research is made more difficult or cannot be done, and the right of free expression prohibits the silencing of unpopular or even abhorrent views; in Ronald Dworkin’s striking formulation, rights trump utility (Dworkin 1978).I shall take up both the moral rights implicated in human cloning, as well as its more likely significant benefits and harms, because none of the rights as applied to human cloning is sufficiently uncontroversial and strong to settle decisively the morality of the practice one way or the other. But because of their strong moral force, the assessment of the moral rights putatively at stake i s especially important. A further complexity here is that it is sometimes controversial whether a particular consideration is merely a matter of benefits and harms, or is instead a matter of moral or human rights.I shall begin with the arguments in support of permitting human cloning, although with no implication that it is the stronger or weaker position * The possibility of human cloning, raised when Scottish scientists at Roslin Institute created the much-celebrated sheep â€Å"Dolly† (Nature  385,  810-13, 1997), aroused worldwide interest and concern because of its scientific and ethical implications. The feat, cited by  Science  magazine as the breakthrough of 1997, also generated uncertainty over the meaning of â€Å"cloning† –an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. Historical Background: The history of human cloning human cloning is undoubtedly one of the most fascinat ing chapters of our lives. Essential question to be discussed to understand the ramifications of human cloning is when human life begins? C. Ward Kischer, a famous American embryologists, wrote in a recent article: â€Å"Since 1973 when Roe vs. Wade was won there were many socio-legal issues related to human embryo. Abortion, fertilization in vitro research on human embryos, research on stem cells, cloning and genetic engineering are substantive issues of human embryology†.The answer is clear embryology that life begins at fertilization of the egg by a sperm (sexual reproduction) or if the SCNT cloning, implantation and activation when the donor somatic cell nucleus into an egg recipient (asexual reproduction). (6) Although non-mammalian cloning was achieved in 1952, mankind had to wait another 44 years until he was finally cloned the first mammal. The first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep was born on July 5, 1996. In this fascinating history of cloning, there has been a major setback in 2003 when Dolly died at the age of 6 years.Death of the first cloned mammal, was followed by a lively debate related issues / ethical aspects of cloning, debate that continues today. Besides the successful attempts to clone the different species of animals, XX century was marked by several important moments in the development of the genealogy. Deciphering the success of DNA code in 1968 came as an enormous progress around much desired human clone. With nearly 20 years later, by 1988 the human genome, that genome Homosapiens stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes has been released.As things were headed becoming better by the appearance of a human clone, a major problem has become â€Å"human cloning prohibition act† in 2009, which has labeled as cloning illegal, immoral, not unethical activity. Since 2009, human cloning is illegal in 23 countries. So far, experiments were undertaken with five species of animals and the high rate of failure has given rise to many questio ns about human cloning success. Only 1% of animal cloning made so far have had a positive result, but most of them have suffered serious disorders. The conclusion of experts is that the current level of technology, human cloning is very dangerous.I discussed two types of human cloning: therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning. Therapeutic cloning involves cloning cells from an adult for medicinal use and is an active research area, while reproductive cloning would involve the creation of human clones. Therapeutic cloning could provide unique ways to cure diseases until now considered incurable: diabetes, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, heart disease. (1) The third type of cloning called replacement cloning is a possibility in theory and would be a combination of therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning.Higher probability of achieving a therapeutic cloning is more accessible in terms of technique, but also less morally problematic. * Statement Of The Problem: * What is cloning? Are there different types of cloning * How can cloning technologies be used? * What Animal Haved Been Cloned ? * Can organs be cloned for use in transplants? * What are the risks of cloning? * Should humans be cloned? * How Human Cloning Will Work Cause And Effect: Ethics Ethical issues of human cloning have become an important issue in recent years. Many ethical arguments against human cloning are based on misconceptions.Many people think that these clones will have the same characteristics / personalities as the person cloned. Although clone and cloned individual have the same genes, traits and personalities are different. People think that a clone is physically identical to the donor and her behavior, but this is not true because although there is a physical identity, living environment shapes an individual's ongoing behavior and psychology. Many people believe that cloning will lead to loss of individuality eventually, but people have their own personality cloned which personality is similar to those in which they were created.Lawrence Nelson, associate professor of philosophy at UCS, said that embryos can be used for research if: – the purpose of research can not be achieved by other methods;   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the embryos have reached more than 14-18 days of development;   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ those who use forbid you to consider or treat as personal property. One of the most serious problems of cloning of human embryos for therapeutic purposes, is that with harvesting stem cells, the embryo is formed by cloning practical killed. We can not reduce the existence of a human embryo to â€Å"a cell† as long as after both science and teaching of the Church, the human embryo is a carrier of life. 8) For a few years, the legalization of human cloning is in the center of global debate, which was also attended not only scientists but also politicians, philosophers, theologians, psychologists. For example, American Association of Pro Life Obstetricians and Gynecologist s (AAPLOG) has spoken out against cloning, drawing attention that some business people might think of trading a human life. (4) What is harder is that it could reach the reproduction of living people without them knowing, to be involved in this process or to give consent.Questions appeared on the social status of any clone. What will be their status in society? In the U. S. House of Representatives issued a ruling that human cloning is illegal, but the Senate has yet to rule on the matter. The opinions are still leaning toward accepting only therapeutic cloning. Legalization of therapeutic cloning has been proposed as the only way to investigate, the chances of success, the basic criterion for funding such programs as the primary objective should be finding cures for incurable diseases.A coalition of states, including Spain, Italy, Philippines, USA, Costa Rica and the â€Å"Holy Land† have tried to expand the debate on all forms of human cloning, noting that in their view, th erapeutic cloning violates human dignity. Costa Rica proposed the adoption of an international convention to combat any form of cloning. Australia has banned human cloning in December 2006, but therapeutic cloning is now legal in some parts of Australia. European Union – European Convention on Human Rights prohibits human cloning in an additional protocol, but the protocol has been ratified only by Greece, Spain and Portugal.England – The British government introduced legislation to allow therapeutic cloning in a debate on January 14, 2001. Hope that parliament will pass the law was prohibitive. Roman Catholic Church under Pope Benedict XVI has condemned the practice of human cloning, saying it represents â€Å"a grave offense against human dignity and equality among the people. † Human cloning is prohibited in Islam at the Tenth Conference in Jeddah. Saudi Arabia has decided on June 28, 1997-July 3, 1997 as the beginning of human cloning is â€Å"haraam† (forbidden by the faith-sin).Jesse Rainbow explain why there is an aversion to human cloning – a clone would not be a â€Å"real person† – cloning is â€Å"playing the God† – cloning is not â€Å"natural† mention in closing some of the conditions proposed in a provisional list yet, so research on therapeutic human cloning (reproductive one is illegal) to proceed lawfully: it is necessary for embryos to be used only in the early stages of their development, without being allowed to grow further, all programs research must be supervised by government organizations dealing with fertilization and genetic techniques, various research programs will receive funding and approval only if it is scientifically demonstrated that there is no other way of obtaining the same results conventional, will not be permitted to research on human genetic material can be combined with that of animals, there must be a permanent state of public information on resear ch undertaken and to be postulated that the limitations may be required to report the experiences and suffering of animals used for human benefit. (5)

Global Capitalism and its Discontent

Global Capitalism and its Discontent Introduction At the inner core of the ideologies of free market, there is an associative mode linked to Adams Smith. The mode predominantly points out the profit-propelled market forces, which shape economies efficiently in a manner that permits the realization of plausible outcomes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Global Capitalism and its Discontent specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From the conceptualizations of Smith’s model, these free market forces orient economies in a way that ensures maximum efficiencies and effectiveness to sustain the growth of economies. In the sphere of the modern economic arguments, a considerable achievement rests on the capacity to demonstrate the logical contexts, conditions and the sense under which the conclusions reached by Adams Smith are valid and correct. In the economic theory, people argue that in the situations of imperfect information flow coupled with incomplete mark ets, a situation more common in the developing countries, hard works that are invisible also end up as imperfect. However, a government and international trade organizations and institutions introduced by market failures can deploy some interventions to bridge the inefficiencies. Globalization, as a concept widely acclaimed by the World Bank, is one of the concepts that people believe to narrow the gap of inefficiencies in production capacities of less endowed nations. It fosters the transfer of human capital while not negating the free global movement of skills. Consequently, people have formulated many of the World Bank’s policies to achieve the mentioned goals of globalization. However, with the advancement of the arguments by anti-globalists about the capacity of globalization to introduce inconsistencies and discontents, over the last decade, the World Bank has considered an alteration of some of its policies and practices in relation to drumming up the support for globa lization. By appreciating such changes, the paper unveils some reasons why the World Bank reformulated its development policies and practices in the last decade.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Why the World Bank reformulated its development policies and practices in the last decade Reformulation of development policies and practices by the World Bank over the last decade was not only anticipation but also a necessity. In the book Globalization and Its Discontents, Stiglitz’s reflects his 1993 personal experiences while serving the capacity of the chairperson of the Bill Clintons’ council of advisors coupled with his experiences as the chief economist of the World Bank as from 1997. According to Stiglitz, IMF and other international institutions work without paying much attention to the poor nations while formulating their policies (2002, p.26). S omewhat paramount to note is that policies formulated by such international institutions were mainly framed in such a way that they would foster the breakdown of world nations demarcations in terms of flow of human capital, technology and trade. Unfortunately, as Hass posits, these goals are not precisely achieved since globalization results in the placement of an obligation for nations to conduct an abridgement of their social legislations (2009, p.79). Often, this obligation gives rise to domestic protests. The trade policy debate during campaigns in the US may perhaps exemplify the magnitude of such protests especially in times of economic distress. Through the conceptualization of such a case under study, Stiglitz, (2002) claims about â€Å"†¦The IMF, WTO, and the World Bank’s lack of transparency and accountability†¦Without government oversight, they reach decisions without public debate† (p.57). With other criticisms and conflicts of globalization intro duced and discussed by O’Brien and Marc (2010) and Ravenhill (2010), a clear indication of the reasons why World Bank reformulated its policies and practices over the last decade surfaces. After the collapse of the infamous Washington DC conference, termed by Stiglitz (2002) as a conspiracy meeting aimed at engineering ways of running worldwide reforms in economic sectors (p.98), the World Bank considered sponsoring an online debate about globalization. People defined the subject under discussion as â€Å"the most common core sense of economic globalization† (Stiglitz 2002, p.98). This means that the core aim of globalization is to foster integration of the world economies into a single whole. During the Aspen Institute’s Conference, the president of the World Bank, Mr. Wolfensohn, informed the audience that â€Å"Globalization is a practical methodology for empowering the poor to improve their lives (Stiglitz 2002, p.98).Advertising We will write a cus tom essay sample on Global Capitalism and its Discontent specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The query on the capacity of globalization to achieve this noble role has, in return, immensely contributed to the alteration of the World Bank’s policies and practices. However, arguably, the change of the World Bank policies and practices in relation to globalization results from the repercussions of globalization as a worldwide trend. Proponents of globalization argue that global institutions, such as the World Bank, have been capacitated by advents of globalization to extend their services to not only their member states as stipulated by their charter, but also the global economy that is integrated. Nevertheless, Ravenhill reckons that â€Å"concrete reality lies behind that grand abstraction, not real individual workers, peasants, or small businessmen, but rather giant fictitious individuals, the transnational corporations† (2010, p.1 08). It is perhaps then significant to consider now some of the consequences of globalization that have made the World Bank to reconsider its policies and practices over the last decade. In the advancement of the arguments in the next sections, people consider globalization as part of World Bank and other international organization policies. Ability of nations As argued by critics, â€Å"Globalization has, over the years, been undercutting nations’ abilities to comprehend social and environmental costs in terms of prices† (Sklair 2002, p.77). Economic integration, as guided by principles of free markets in this context, may appear to produce lowering of standards of competition. However, as Stubbs and Underhill (2005, p.37) clarify, â€Å"The most competitive advantage in the arena of the international trade remains a reserve for those nations that conduct the poorest merging of social and environmental costs with prices†. The most conspicuous consequence of thi s is that a big portion of the world production moves to the nations that carry out the poorest tasks of counting costs. In a different perspective, this gives rise to contrasting impacts on domestic politics of a nation especially in those nations that are industrialized. On one hand, enhanced productivity improves the wellbeing of citizens. On the other hand, unemployment emerges. This constitutes to a paradox that requires interventions especially in the era of globalization.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A migration from menial tasks also takes place following the global transfer of human capital permitted by globalization. Clash of cultures arises coupled with the emergence of nationalism euphoria that advocates for exclusions. Advocates of globalization including the World Bank have then looked for ways of addressing this challenge. Perhaps based on these predicaments, the World Bank, over the last decade, has altered its policies and practices to incorporate and establish a central concern for multiculturalism tolerance. Anti-globalists argue that globalization, as highly advocated for by the World Bank, serves as a sure catalyst of global production efficiency reduction. It becomes necessary to alter practices and policies of the World Bank especially by bearing in mind that â€Å"As uncounted, externalized costs increase, the positive correlation between GDP growth and welfare disappears, or even becomes negative† (Stubbs Underhill 2005, p.37). In high wage nations such as the United States, standards-lowering competition, which is a key component of globalization, produces income disparities. With the easy flow of human capital fostered by globalization, people anticipate in a global bidding of the labor. Since free market principles advocate for a reduction of production costs to maximize their profits, it is likely for unemployment levels to rise especially upon the embracement of other components of globalization such as overseas contracting. However, nations have the chief obligation of providing employment opportunities to their citizens. The World Bank, consequently, finds it necessary to control the porosity of the national boundaries as various nations endeavor to increase their productivity and global spread. One of the subtle ways of accomplishing this precisely is through alteration of policies and practices of international bodies that fund and praise globalization such as the World Bank. The World Bank recognizes this fact. Over the last decade, it has aligned its policies to foster comparative advantage to all nations. Its focus has been in the advancement of financial aid to poor nations in the endeavor to bridge and reduce the gap between the developed world and the developing world. Open capital and trade quality With regard to the constructs of competitive advantage upheld by globalization proponents, â€Å"†¦free trade and capital mobility amplifies specialization pressures† (Stubbs Underhill 2005, p.98). Interpreted differently, this implies the creation of a narrow range of ways of earning livelihood. Perhaps, as an example, if the main economic activity in America would be livestock farming with respect to the voices of competitive advantage, then every American would be a cowboy or a shepherd only contributing towards this effort in the global market. Any concerned person would import anything else consumed in America in exchange with mutton, leather and beef among other animal products. A more robust interpretation of competitive advantage is that those Americans who may wish to indulge in other careers such as piloting, manufacturing and other chores need to migrate into other nations that specialize in these activities. While this may not have been the actual interpretation or meaning of specialization as a key constituent of globalization policies on the ground, international systems give rise to the emergence of paradoxes. With this in mind, the World Bank appreciates that while the prosperity and success of nations are akin to the flourishing of globalization, a dielectric that works counter to the globalization process surfaces thereby deterring the initially intended aspirations of the process. The altered practices and policies within the last decade have an evident proactive shaping to neutralize this dielectric. Additionally, the success of the new 21st century phase of globalization predominantly rests on the capacity to bridge the gap between political and economic stalemates, which more often than not, are incongruent. This means that the established challenges also need a matching set of policies and practices. The World Bank has a noble role to respond to these sets of demands. According to Stiglitz (2002), there was an evident unfair pushing through of the process of globalization in that liberalization policies were based on rapid implementation and enactment, following wrong order and, more importantly, through the deployment of inappropriate and inadequate economic analysis models (p.145). From this argument, instances of social conflict, general frustrations and destitution arising henceforth, require a collective mechanism tantamount to and reflected by the experienced variations in the policies and practices of the World Bank over the last decade. Sequencing and speed emphasis Success of economic liberalization is dependent on the sequence and the speed of advancement of reforms. Stiglitz (2002) argues that, in the endea vor to achieve success in the process of economic liberalization, it is critical for the concerned parties to implement reforms at the right pace following the right sequence (pp.73-78). This means that in case of a rapid opening of capital accounts, the chances are that conspicuous dislocations are eminent. However, it is essential to note that the debate on pace and sequence in policy discussions is not a new thing in the economic profession. In his book, Wealth of Nations, Adams Smith had argued about the issue of pace and sequence of policies as hard, which often required political interventions (Manfred Ravi 2010, p.49). The World Bank stood an excellent chance in the front line, as it was immensely interested in the understanding of issues related to sequencing and speed of policy discussions. Upon conducting numerous studies in 1980’s, the members present reached some various recommendations. One of the recommendations was that liberalization of trade was essentially worth realizing in a buttressed and gradual process that required extensive foreign aid. In relation to sequencing, the reform agenda needs to embrace the demands of the nations experiencing large fiscal imbalances and escalated inflations (Stiglitz 2006, p.87). They placed appropriate strategies on high demand to ensure that in cases where the reform agenda produced unemployment, they maintained the consequences minimal. In addition, they recommended that financial reforms required some regulatory agencies for their cute performance. Finally, in the last sequence order, they recommended capital accounts that they needed to liberalize as the process summed up. However, they placed a precondition on this last proposition: liberalization of capital accounts was only necessary when an economy had established strong foundations for its export sector. Even though these recommendations never satisfied all economists, they have been critical constituents of propellers of the alterations of the World Bank’s development policies and practices. Conclusion With the stringent concerns of globalization, the World Bank recognizes the various drawbacks introduced by the policies that multinational organizations cringed on to enhance their profitability and global presence in the years proceeding the last decade. As argued in this paper, the World Bank, consequently, adopts various changes in its development policies and practices to improve and redefine such institutions coupled with incentives extended to help in inculcating the spirit of efficiency and fair competition in the global fronts. The reasons why this is necessary are that destitution, corruption and abuse are critical elements for curtailing the success of policies that aid in hiking the productivity of nations. By providing hindrances to the spreading of such drawbacks of national productivity, globalization ends ups as a fair process. Therefore, industrialized nations acquire the ability to dismantle th e hindrances of the growth of their productivity. The main agenda and objective of the World Bank is to shield bureaucrats, corrupt politicians, and xenophobic autocrats from running the economies of nations if the nations of the world are to move coherently in a homogeneous way with the calls of globalization. References Hass, P., 2009. Controversies in Globalization. Washington, DC: CQ Press. Manfred, S., Ravi., 2010. Neoliberalism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. O’Brien, R., Marc, W., 2010. Global Political Economy. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Ravenhill, J., 2010. Global Political Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sklair, L., 2002. Globalization: Capitalism and its Alternatives. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Stiglitz, J., 2002. Globalization and its Discontents. London: Penguin books. Stiglitz, J., 2006. Making Globalization Work. London: Penguin books. Stubbs, R., Underhill, G., 2005. Political Economy and the Chang ing Global Order. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Moses, Jesus and Muhammad Essays

Moses, Jesus and Muhammad Essays Moses, Jesus and Muhammad Essay Moses, Jesus and Muhammad Essay Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad are today considered as three of the greatest prophets in the world. They portrayed themselves as religious figures as well as the messengers of god. There teachings are believed by many people and they have many followers. While Moses and Muhammad are projected as the prophets, Jesus is considered to be the son of god. They established a monotheistic belief and believed that they were the only god and there is only one god to follow. It was thought that both Jesus and Muhammad were the messengers from god carrying the same message. However, people believed in the experience and the influence of each, which led to the formation of two different religions. While Moses was called the founder of the religion of Israel. Moses became the leader of the Israelites after leading them out of slavery from Egypt. He was believed as the â€Å"servant of god† by his followers. While leading them out of Egypt on the way to Mount Sinai, Moses was given a set of rules by god, called The Ten Commandments to give to his people. The Ten Commandments stated the 10 rules that would guide people to be good. The rules included something like one most not steal, lie, commit adultery or do anything that would harm others. The meaning of the Ten Commandments was to spread love among people and lead them to live their life in a correct way. Moses was appointed as a prophet by god. There were three incidents that are mentioned in Torah that led god appoint Moses as a prophet. As a young kid, Moses sees an Egyptian man beating up a Jewish slave, who led him to kill the Egyptian and the next day he is trying to make peace between the two Hebrews. These were the three qualifications in god’s eye which made him appoint him as a prophet. Jesus was believed as a son of the god by many people. His teachings showed people how to be a good person in their life; he showed people how they should love each other and should have no hatred among them; how they should respect and treat others. He showed people the meaning of love and thought them how to love and care. He started to have many followers and his followers became to be known as Christians and they believed that this Jesus was the son of God. They believed he was the son of the god because of his three basic miracles and they were: healing the sick; multiplies the food and raises the dead. His disciples were told to go and preach in different towns and cure the people by miracles to prove them that there is a god and they are their disciples. Jesus too believed in The Ten Commandments and these Ten Commandments have shaped up as laws of today’s society because they are very precisely defined by Jesus. People visit to churches where his teachings are preached which lets people believe that the god existed. The Ten Commandments has helped people realize how good of a person they are and have made them realize their crimes. The followers of these commandments will get salvation. The idea that Jesus serves today is that he wants all his followers to love him more than he does his parents or daughter and son. He wants people to praise him and spend time for him. Another thing Jesus wants people to believe is the life after death. Jesus describes that when a spirit of a man who is unclean will wander around looking for a place to live which he never finds it and ends up in a place with several other spirits which are worse than him. Muhammad was the founder of the Islamic religion and was believed as the last prophet of god. The word Islam comes from an Arabic word meaning peace, giving in, and respect. Mohammed’s teachings and his experiences influenced people to follow him, and his followers became known as Muslims. Mohammed was not a creator of the Islam religion; he was just a restorer of the monotheistic faith. He is believed as the last and the greatest prophets. Today Muslims in the world follow his ways, traditions, and custom. He started to preach at the age or 40 in the month of Ramadan when he first received a message from god. He then revealed the messaged and stared preaching it publicly. His preaching’s are still playing a major role today where people have surrendered their lives to god and are following the five Pillars. Just like there are Ten Commandments in the Christianity there are Five Pillars in Islam. The Five pillars are the five basic rules in Islam that everyone must follow. His followers are to follow the 5 pillars all the time in their life. They have pray 5 times a day, they all have faith, give alms, fast during the month of Ramadan and have to visit Hadj once in their life. The women in Islamic religion have to follow and obey more rules than men. Islamic women should not show their face in public, they are only allowed to show their face to their husband only. They cover their face also for a religious purpose. Even in Hinduism when a woman visits to temple their head must be covered in order to give respect to their God. In Muslim countries there are specific times that are set for people to leave their work and pray five times in a day. In my opinion I think it is a great rule that is set because it than ecomes mandatory for everyone to pray and increases faith in people. A Muslim is the one who believes in god and does his best to live a life like Muhammad and lives according to the principles of Muhammad. To live a life of Muhammad is like living a perfect life. These were the three great prophets in the world and their teachings are being thought in many different places. Their teachings and their experiences are being thought throughout the world which is influencing more and more people. Each religion has different way of teaching but they all serve the same meaning of living a perfect life.

How to Make a Storm Glass to Predict the Weather

How to Make a Storm Glass to Predict the Weather You may not feel the approach of impending storms, but the weather causes changes in the atmosphere that affect chemical reactions. You can use your command of chemistry to make a storm glass to help predict the weather. Storm Glass Materials 2.5 g potassium nitrate2.5 g ammonium chloride33 mL distilled water40 mL ethanol10 g natural camphor How to Make the Storm Glass Dissolve the potassium nitrate and ammonium chloride in the water.Dissolve the camphor in the ethanol.Add the potassium nitrate and ammonium chloride solution to the camphor solution. You may need to warm the solutions to get them to mix.Either place the mixture in a corked test tube or seal it within glass. To seal glass, apply heat to the top of the tube until it softens, and tilt the tube so the glass edges melt together. If you use a cork, wrap it with parafilm or coat it with wax to ensure a good seal. A properly prepared storm glass should contain colorless, transparent liquid that will cloud or form crystals or other structures in response to the external environment. However, impurities in the ingredients may result in a colored liquid. Its impossible to predict whether or not these impurities will prevent the storm glass from working. A slight tint (amber, for example) may not be cause for concern. If the solution is always cloudy, its likely the glass wont function as intended. How to Interpret the Storm Glass A storm glass may present the following appearance: Clear liquid: bright and clear weatherCloudy liquid: cloudy weather, perhaps with precipitationSmall dots in the liquid: potentially humid or foggy weatherCloudy liquid with small stars: thunderstorms or snow, depending on the temperatureLarge flakes scattered throughout the liquid: overcast skies, possibly with rain or snowCrystals at the bottom: frostThreads near the top: wind The best way to associate the appearance of the storm glass with the weather is to keep a log. Record your observations about the glass and the weather. In addition to the characteristics of the liquid (clear, cloudy, stars, threads, flakes, crystals, and the location of crystals), record as much data as possible about the weather. If possible, include temperature, barometer readings (pressure), and relative humidity. Over time, youll be able to predict the weather based on how your glass behaves. Keep in mind, a storm glass is more of a curiosity than a scientific instrument. Its better to allow the weather service to make predictions. How the Storm Glass Works The premise of the functioning of the storm glass is that temperature and pressure affect solubility, sometimes resulting in a clear liquid and other times causing precipitants to form. In similar barometers, the liquid level moves up or down a tube in response to atmospheric pressure. Sealed glasses are not exposed to the pressure changes that would account for much of the observed behavior. Some people have proposed that surface interactions between the glass wall of the barometer and the liquid contents account for the crystals. Explanations sometimes include effects of electricity or quantum tunneling across the glass. History of the Storm Glass This type of storm glass was used by Robert FitzRoy, the captain of the HMS Beagle during Charles Darwins voyage. FitzRoy acted as meteorologist and hydrologist for the journey. FitzRoy stated storm glasses had been made in England for at least a century before his 1863 publication of The Weather Book. He had started to study the glasses in 1825. FitzRoy described their properties and noted there was a wide variation in the functioning of the glasses, depending on the formula and method used to create them. The basic formula of the liquid of a good storm glass consisted of camphor, partially dissolved in alcohol; along with water; ethanol; and a bit of air space. FitzRoy emphasized the glass needed to be hermetically sealed, not open to the outside environment. Modern storm glasses are widely available as curiosities. The reader may expect variation in their appearance and function, as the formula for making the glass is as much an art as a science.

Consumer Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Consumer Law - Case Study Example Sue inquired of the sales assistant whether the labeling means the dye would be suitable for use by those with skin allergies; the assistant replies, I suppose so, that’s what it says on the telly. The statue covering breach of stipulation can be found in the Sale of Goods Act of 1979 in section 14 2(b). Implied terms about quality or fitness is where the seller sells goods in the course of a business, there is an implied condition that the goods supplied under the contract are of merchantable quality, except there is no such condition. If the buyer examines the goods before the contract is made, as regards to defects, which that examination ought to reveal.1 An implied warranty is the shorthand label used in the Product Warranty Liability Act to describe the supplier’s contractual responsibilities (or guarantees) regarding the quality or fitness of the goods. Implied warranties, which don’t depend simply on what the supplier says but are based on the consumerâ⠂¬â„¢s reasonable expectations about the goods in all circumstances. The supplier may be responsible under the implied warranty even if the supplier says nothing at all about the goods, 2 The purpose and nature of implied warranties is to protect the reasonable expectations that a buyer would have about the goods considering all the circumstances of the sale. Because reasonable expectations do not simply depend simply on what the supplier says but on other circumstances as well, implied warranties apply even when the supplier says nothing at all.... the reasonable expectations that a buyer would have about the goods considering all the circumstances of the sale. Because reasonable expectations do not simply depend simply on what the supplier says but on other circumstances as well, implied warranties apply 1Sale of Goods Act 1979 2Product Warranty Liability Act 3 even when the supplier says nothing at all.3 The issue is supported in law bySmith v. Land and HousePropertyCorporation (1884), 28 CHD 7 South Australia, where the court held; "a statement of opinion can be regarded as a statement of fact in certain situations. Such a situation will be where the maker of the statement has greater knowledge or appears by implication, to be able to support that statement.4 This case is buttressed by Dimmock v. Hallet (1866), and Bisset v. Wilkinson (1927) AC 177. Also in Schawel v. Reade (1913) 46 ILT 281, the court held that; "the strength of the inducement can be important, the more emphasis put on representation, the more likely the courts will regard this as a term".5 Also see Rutledge v. McKay (1861) WLR 615, where the court cited Section 14 (2) of the Sale of Goods Act of 1979, and in Wilson v. Rickett, Cockerall and Company LTD. (1954), the court concluded; "the goods supplied must be considered in the units and measures in which they were supplied when examining quality".6 Further in Wilson v. Rickett, the court goes on again to point out the SOGA 1979, Section 14; "that it apply only when the purchaser has relied upon the vendors skill and expertise. It

Responsibility in World Business Research Paper

Responsibility in World Business - Research Paper Example The paper states that responsible business requires business leaders to account for the obligations and true costs of the activities of the business, both financial and non-financial. It should do this through reflection, responsibility, reporting and resilience. Responsible business entails four key attributes that are essential for its dispensation. Its main constituents are business acumen, global knowledge, ethical compass and committed citizenship. Business acumen A business organization must have a high degree of professionalism and skills to demonstrate business acumen. This would enable the business organization to enhance the values of both shareholders and stakeholders of business on a long-term basis, and create wealth. Sadly, not many business organizations attain business acumen because several have failed due to dishonesty, greed and lack of managerial competence. One of the ways of attaining business acumen is engaging in social enterprise and corporate social responsi bility. These will equip the business organization with relevant skills and professionalism (Sarkar, 2005, p. 152). Global knowledge Any serious manager of a responsible business must have a high level of refined knowledge. This knowledge should be gained from many years of experience and transcends beyond many boundaries across the globe. A responsible business leader must dedicate his listening to the opinion of other business leaders across the globe, and seek to expand knowledge on the prevailing economic circumstances and their relations to the business. However, not all business leaders want to pursue this attribute. A case in point is the knowledge of Chinese language. Despite the fact that China has emerged one of the greatest global business potential of the 21st century, many CEOs and members of their boards of management do not know the Chinese language (Bomann-Larsen, 2004, p. 87). One sure way of ensuring that businesses tap into this opportunity is to learn and acquire diplomacy and skillful policies that involve all parties. Responsible business leaders must seek the global knowledge on key business opportunities in a peaceful way. Therefore, they must raise their voices to oppose such acts as war and terrors that would ruin their business prospects. The business leader should be a renaissance person, with humility and intelligence to learn and rely on others for the achievement of the global knowledge. It is only through this strategy that the business leader can cope with the highly complex and integrated business world (Horrigan, 2010, p. 194). Ethical compass The polarity of the world concerning innovation, trade, manufacturing and finance must be useful to any business leader. Unlike in the past when the western countries dominated the economy, today all corners of the globe are experiencing rapid expansion of their economic realities. Additionally, the expanding economies also have unique cultures and values that govern their business dire ctions. Orienting to these multi-facet cultures and values is a big challenge and dilemmas to several business organizations.

Global Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Global Marketing - Essay Example Introduction The changing trends of the corporate world and effects of globalization have drastically changed the traditional ways of marketing and brand representation of a company. The term Global Marketing has become very familiar in the last few decades which explain that one great way of enlarging company’s sale is by expanding the brand globally. Gillespie, Jeannet, & Hennessey (2011) define that when a company has its operations limited to a single country, its strategies and focus plan is completely different as compared to when it expands to the global market. Tough, people around the world have different languages, cultures and believes, but there are similarities too and a company must know how to target these both these sides of the market. It is evident that a renowned company operating in one part of the world cannot expect the same number of sales and reputation in all parts of the world, due to the cultural and need difference. Expansion to a new region require s a great amount of principle money and other resources of the company. This could provide a company with a great platform for further expansion and increased sales, but can also left the company in despair. Gillespie, Jeannet, & Hennessey (2011) define that with the increased in world competition in almost every field and every product segment, it is more difficult for a brand than before to get visibility in the market (Gillespie et al., 2011). Purpose of the Report This purpose of this paper is to provide a product launch plan for Boost, a product of Nestle Company in Pakistan and analyze the potential implications for the brand in the company. This report will briefly discuss the environmental and social situation of the country, in order to examine the scope of the company to expand in Pakistan. This report will also highlight the market stability, economic condition and competitors in the country which will help in better picturing the future of the Nestle in the selected coun try, Pakistan. Scope This report is primarily based the information gathered from secondary sources related to the targeted product and market. Hence, the analysis done on this report will be based on the researcher’s own interpretation and understanding of the available data. Also, the findings of this report are confined to the Boost brand of Nestle Company and cannot be applicable to other Nestle brands or of any other company. The report will try to cover the social, cultural, political and environmental factors of the targeted market for Boost. This report will not include any statistical calculation of the trend of the food industry and findings will solely be based on observation and thematic analysis of the above mentioned factors. Limitations There are certain limitations of this report which are as under: 1. The report is based on secondary sources and there is a possibility of deviation of the report findings from the real scenario. 2. Since Pakistan is an emerging market, there has been less market research done on it, which limits the data available for the country. 3. Pakistan is a Muslim country and there are chances that the report fails to clearly interpret the religious impact of the community on their social life decisions. Background The Company Nestle is one of the leading food brands, having its market in more than 86 countries. It was founded in the year 1905 in Vevey, Switzerland and presently it enjoys the largest revenue than any of the

Find Wikipedia links related to Global economy Assignment

Find Wikipedia links related to Global economy - Assignment Example Therefore, this information needs to be enriched and updated. I have selected this as a Wikipedia search topic because it is an important element of the global economy. The growth of the world economy heavily relies on international trade, and I therefore find this aspect very important. In the modern globalized economy, the social and political impact of international trade cannot be underestimated. However, after reading the information on international trade on Wikipedia, little focus is given on key issues such as drivers of international trade, barriers and future prospects. In addition, the real impacts of international trade on various regions and countries are not fully highlighted. There is need to add more information on this topic focusing on the current drivers of international trade and the future prospects. As the world becomes a global village, economic globalization is a major driver of growth. Therefore, I have selected this topic since it directly affects our global economy. Wikipedia provides some information on the history and effects of economic globalization, but this information is not in detail. In particular, the impact of economic globalization on various regions and continents is not given. There is need to add more information on the past and emerging trends of economic globalization and their

Answer the question separate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answer the question separate - Essay Example ure and can climb the steps of success, but call of heart unleashes the stress at heart and makes life more worth of living enabling an individual to see the world under a benevolent light. Therefore, if I needed to omit anything from Thoreau’s words in my definition of a beautiful life, I would have excluded the phrase â€Å"live according to its [wisdom] dictates†, while including other attributes like â€Å"a life of simplicity, independence, magnanimity, and trust† at the same time, with a bit more importance (Thoreau, 1882). Des Pres envisions the human moral senses from the experiences of the concentration camp survivors, where humans were kept under most strict surveillance so far in the modern world. Therefore, the visions about moral senses and humanity framed by Des Pres are worth of modern life style. According to Des Pres, human moral order evolves from an evolutionary survival strategy and is definitely illusionary and idealistic. Worthily, Des Pres comments, â€Å"Group formation in defense against predation is common from insects to primates, and protective strategies often depend on intricate systems of communication and mutual aid† (Des Pres, 1976, pp. 199). Therefore, morality or sense of compassion and virtues like empathy or sympathy in human nature is not imbibed, neither they are inherent as Des Pres envisions them. According to him, human moral order is the consequence of collective effort and survival support system rendered to each other during the time of

Find Wikipedia links related to Global economy Assignment

Find Wikipedia links related to Global economy - Assignment Example Therefore, this information needs to be enriched and updated. I have selected this as a Wikipedia search topic because it is an important element of the global economy. The growth of the world economy heavily relies on international trade, and I therefore find this aspect very important. In the modern globalized economy, the social and political impact of international trade cannot be underestimated. However, after reading the information on international trade on Wikipedia, little focus is given on key issues such as drivers of international trade, barriers and future prospects. In addition, the real impacts of international trade on various regions and countries are not fully highlighted. There is need to add more information on this topic focusing on the current drivers of international trade and the future prospects. As the world becomes a global village, economic globalization is a major driver of growth. Therefore, I have selected this topic since it directly affects our global economy. Wikipedia provides some information on the history and effects of economic globalization, but this information is not in detail. In particular, the impact of economic globalization on various regions and continents is not given. There is need to add more information on the past and emerging trends of economic globalization and their

Managing Creativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing Creativity - Essay Example I have been always a lover of art and thanks to my older sister I grew up by going as often as we both could go to the High Art Museum of Santiago, Chile. She loved to take me to this rather small museum if we compare it with some of the European ones, but loaded with some extraordinary paintings that till today are some of the best to me. We were then delighted with the works of such talented Masters as Pedro Lira (1845-1912), Camilo Mori (1896-1973) and Alberto Valenzuela Llanos (1869-1925), among so many other ones. Lately, in 1994, the Museum showed for the first time an exhibition that made us to be breathless with the perfection of paintings from Claudio Bravo (born in 1936). I was living in Spain at that date, but she told to me about this great exhibition and I immediately took interest by knowing more about him through the newspapers and related literature I was able to get. I must admit that I have always consider myself with a much more classic and conservative tendency th an modern on art feelings. It is still somehow difficult to me to understand the so called beauty of avant-garde or ultramodern paintings with abstract figures that symbolize whatever the viewer wants to see. However, my husband had reason when telling me about the great artist I could found on the non-classic but surrealist Master Salvador Dali (1904-1989). Even though I lived for 3 years in Spain, I never really took the trip to Figueras, to his Museum and natal city in the province of Gerona. But today I live in USA and knowing how famous Dali has always been and loving the idea of a small trip from our home in Greenville (SC) to the Salvador Dali Museum, St. Petersburg (Fla), we prepared ourselves for this adventure on art. It was then and there, three years ago when my eyes were opened to his work. I was tremendously impressed with his paintings. I truly never expected I was going to fall in love with them. They are not the classic style I am always looking for. The subject of his paintings is not obvious to my eyes and senses as the ones I know what I am seeing at the first sight of them for the first time. In contrast, they are very liberal figures and shapes, colors, symbols, several paintings and ideas in one canvas, but mixed in a way that captivated my full attention till today. Since then I cannot ignore how splendid this eccentric artist was. He was eager for the new, not only for the subjects that he picked up to paint, but for the new ways of presenting them to the world. Always using different tools, from brushes to everything else that could allow him to accomplish what he had on mind at the time he was painting (Descharnes and Neret, 1998). Creativity and Business At this point you might be wondering what this brief talk about my personal feelings on art has to do with business. But believe me, it is related. According to Wikipedia, the free web encyclopedia, creativity by definition is a mental process that involves the generation of new beliefs, ideas, observations, or new associations between existing ones. And Dali is just one

Experiential Learning Essay Example for Free

Experiential Learning Essay Growing up in a southern state with traditional family and religious values has made transitioning into college life a bit difficult. Questioning myself and my own bias from my experiences in life is an ongoing process, as I wonder â€Å"is it me? † or its possible that I feel strongly about issues because my values and ethics overshadow all. I feel as if I move from a state of passive to aggressive in my actions just as I do my own state of internal feeling of who I am. Sometimes I feel like I have been treated unfairly both as a child and now, simply for being female. In my actions I sometimes pretend that this does not bother me and that a woman’s place is in the home, being a good mother and wife, bit other times I lash out when this is expected of me from my church, family, and some facets of society. I struggle in this passive aggressive way in my own religion too. As a Baptist, sometimes I feel like the teachings are true and correct and that social issues, such as homosexuality are undesirable and need to be â€Å"fixed†. Other times, however, I feel like homosexuality and other so-called social issues brought up in the church should not be treated like diseases and we have no business trying to â€Å"cure† others. Growing up white, female, and very religious, I was taught ideals that seemed to contradict themselves. The most notable cases were of people in poverty. We were not a poor family, but I would see a great majority of people in my state of Tennessee living in very unpleasant conditions. From teachings of the church and my family, I was taught to help those, who cannot help themselves. But, the irony was that most conservative people around believed that everyone could help themselves and that their state of poverty was simply due to laziness. I remember thinking that I was just a kid and had no control over my home life and that these other impoverished kids I would see could not help their situation any more that I could. So it was confusing that no one seemed to go out of their way (with a few exceptions) to help poor people back home. We were, also, expected to treat people equally and not have any â€Å"hate in our hearts† for anyone for any reason. It wasn’t obvious to my friends and I that our parents were in any way bigoted toward minorities, because they didn’t use racial slurs or openly discuss their dislike for other races. But, when my friends and I started becoming older and noticing boys, our parents wouldn’t hide their shock when we said that we had an attraction for a boy of another race. Then I realized that my parents did not believe in interracial relationships and for awhile I thought that it was not racist, but now I see that my upbringing was all twisted together with racism, sexism, and contempt for the poor and homosexuality. Like many southern girls, I was supposed to find a nice man to marry and going to college was the way to find this man. My family and the society I grew up in had all these expectations of me, hidden agendas, and covert prejudices that I am still trying to understand fully. I want to be treated like an intelligent woman, whose ideas have merit. I get so angry and feel aggressive when people believe that college is just a â€Å"hobby† and that I am here just to find â€Å"Mr. Right†, I am tired of all the years of playing the passive role of the quiet and complacent â€Å"southern belle†. I, also, want to widen my base of friends to include people who do not let religion become a barrier to their lives. Many times from what I have seen in the church, people mindlessly believe what the preacher says and don’t take time to understand that everyone is human and should be treated fairly. I wish I had the courage to go to speak to people, who are homosexual, but I still can’t. This is one of the goals I am working on now.

Swisses Application on Healthcare Products Marketing

Swisses Application on Healthcare Products Marketing By Qian Liu Executive Summary The purpose of this report was to analyse the marketing mix principles used by the Swisse to marketing its products and find directions for further development. The report illustrates how Swisse succeed through application of marketing mix elements: well-researched products, people and organisation culture, promotion through leadership and CSR marketing as well as the globalisation exchange. Recommendations are made on focusing on food safety regulations and global market management. Introduction With the advancement of researches on the health of human body as well as the increasing ability to buy, people starts to focus more on life quality and healthy living habits these years. Increasingly people began to pay more attention and money to body maintenance and health products, which brings business opportunities for the health care products market. Swisse is an Australian health and wellness company that manufactures vitamin, supplements and other personal care products that are currently available in about 30 countries including Australia, New Zealand, United King, the United States and Hong Kong, etc. Founded in 1969, the company has been committed to its philosophy: health, happiness (HH) with a belief that the focus on people, passion and principles will naturally bring profit in. It conveys its philosophy to the public by introducing ambassadors who are sports stars or celebrities conducting a healthy life cycle. For about 50 years, Swisse has been investing in independent scientific researches on the development and innovations of scientifically-supported healthy products. It started building up since establishment partnerships with universities, laboratories and other top academic institutions as well as its own scientific advisory panel consisted of a group of academics, scientists and clinicians. The company also focus on corporate social responsibility by using natural ingredients, offsetting carbon emissions, investing in charities and advocating sustainability. The purpose of this report is to identify the success of marketing mix of Swisse by analysing marketing mix principles it applies: product, people, promotion and placement. While Swisse focuses more on four elements of marketing mix strategies analysis, other elements of marketing mix as well as other aspects such as business environment might be overlooked. Marketing Mix Overview of the theory: Marketing Mix Market mix is a foundation conceptual framework in market. It is a set of marketing tools the marketing managers used to develop long-term strategies and short-term practices in order to meet targeted customer needs. Different elements are included in marketing mix in different industries. Through long development history, the marketing mix generally comprises the traditional 4Ps: product, price, promotion and place to the developed 8Ps with people, process, physical evidence and performance in addition. The company in question forms its own 4Ps strategy by focusing on product, people, promotion and place. the 4Ps Product Products are the goods or services a company delivers to satisfy customers needs and are the basis of a companys revenues. A company can control the product quality, design, features, after-sales services and brand name to add value to its products. Besides, in order to keep the competitive advantages, a company may continually introduce new products in response to customer needs and market environment. People Human resources including expertise involved in research and development, product line and marketing. A company should hire qualified personnel that are ethical, professional, high-performing and adaptable to the business culture. There should be working regulations, explicit standards incorporating code of ethics and a reward and punishment systems within a company . A comfortable working environment may increase the productivity of staff. The company should also establish and communicate positive values and culture for higher loyalty. Promotion Promotion is used by companies to convey the features and theories of their products to targeted consumers. General promotional tools may include advertising, public relations, brand name selling, etc. While products needs innovations and upgrades, promotion tools should also be creative and meet the market needs to attract customers and beat competitors. Place After production and promotion, a company needs to determine how customers are accessible to its products. Distribution channels include retailers, wholesalers, e-commerce, dealers, etc. As more and more business are going globalization, place becomes a specific concern due to difference in cultures and what works for a place may fail in another. The Swisse Strategy Introduction to Swisse and its marketing mix Swisse started from a humble Melbourne warehouse in late 1960s by its founder, Kevin Ring. From the very beginning, the mission HH and the principles Celebrate Life Everyday are embedded in the ground and development of Swisse. Swisse products went from only herbal vitamins to a range from multivitamins, supplements, nutrition, personal care products to functional foods and are sold in around 30 countries in the world. Swisse applies marketing mix tactically in its marketing strategies. It invests in researches to provide more innovative, functional and reliable products; it put people the top priority in its philosophy to build a harmony and effective working environment; it implement creative advertising practices by building up roles of ambassadors and emphasizing on corporate social responsibilities; it opens up the distribution channels to retailer and e-commerce and expands the global market. Application of 4 Ps to Swisse Marketing Application of Product Policy Research and Development Swisse ensure the functionality and quality of products by investment in up-to-date scientific academic research. It has its own research teams and clinics to conduct projects and tests on innovation and upgrading of products and also builds up collaboration with top academic institutions and foremost projects. It has formal partnerships with entities like: National Institute of Integrative Medicine(NIIM), Swinburne University and La Trobe University. It also has its own advising panel of esteemed scientific advisors such as Prof. Avni Sali, founder of NIIM, Dr. Karin Ried, research director at NIIM, Assc Prof. Andrew Pipingas, cognitive neuroscientist, etc. The expertise from cooperative organizations and advising panels ensures that Swisse remains at the forefront of the up-to-date research development and opportunities as well as certifies the efficacy of formulations. The investment on research by Swisse not only justify the benefits, but also build up positive brand image of the products. HH values Behind the success of Swisse is the HH values embedded in its products. Health and happiness is the most commonly mentioned concept and the test for every decision within Swisse to convey the living theory with products and build a positive brand image. Application of People Policy Focus on people Swisse put people at the top of its 4Ps priorities. It believes that people is the reason it succeed. It advocates a healthy lifestyle working environment by providing free personal trainers, masseuses and organic meals. It also encourages its staff to involve in communities to together build social leadership. Positive culture A success organizational culture affects the organizations productivity and performance and the opinion the customers have on the company. Swisse promotes a positive and friendly culture as noted by Radek Sali, CEO of Swisse wellness, a typical Swisse employee should force himself to dress up different daily, be creative, keep smiling, say hello to everyone, continuously improve and deliver a positive can do attitude at Swisse. Application of Promotion Policy Ambassadors Swisse introduces healthcare professionals, sports stars, entertainers and social media celebrities as ambassadors who find its products helpful and recommend the products through blogs or other forms of social media. This build up a reliable and fashionable brand image for the products and add to the corporate reputation through the personal influence of these public figures CSR As social image is gaining increasingly speaking power on consumers decisions on choice of products, Swisse expands the health, happiness and wellbeing philosophy to the whole community and actively engages in corporate social responsibilities. It emphasizes on environment protection and contributes to the community by establishment of the Celebrate Life Foundation to help preventing diseases by educations of nutrition and healthy lifestyle. Application of Placement Policy Globalisation Not limited by its #1 position in Australian market, Swisse goes globalisation recent years. Swisse products quickly enter into racks of popular local retailers, for instance, Walgreens in the U.S.. It also actively cooperates with local media and programs like the Ellen Show and participates in advertising campaigns to ensure the fluency of its launches. E-commerce Apart from wholesalers and retailers, the new distribution channel of e-commerce makes the purchasing experience much more convenient for customers and less resource-consuming for the Swisse itself. Recommendations on Future Development Focus on Product Quality Despite the popularity and fashionability of the brand name, consumers are more serious on what they eat. Swisse Vitamins has also been involved in advertising complaints on overstatement and misleading of its functionality and promotions violating Medicines Australias self-regulatory code of conduct. In fact, Swisse spent over $50 million per year on advertising. Though not involved in judicial cases or practically violating any laws, Swisse should focus on improving the products in the long run instead of conducting more advertising campaigns. Global Market Differences While globalization contribute to worldwide demand for products, it brings more concerns to a company. Markets in different cultures have different characteristics. As Swisse plans to enter into more countries in the following years, special expertise is needed to examine different needs of customers, competition of the market, customs of business and make strategies for launches. Conclusion Swisse has effectively applied the four elements of marketing mix in its marketing strategies. The independent product research, focus on people, active and creative promotion as well as the globalisation placement contributes to the significant competitive ege over its competitors. Though the company sees a success in its marketing and profiting, Swisse should focus more on product quality and be more self-regulated for the good of business sustainability. The globalisation practices should also be carefully oversighted due to risks in the global market. Word Count: 1637 References Ross, G.(2012). Re-thinking and re-tooling the social marketing mix: AMJ AMJ AMJ. Australasian Marketing Journal, 20(2012),122-126. Retrieved from http://www.elsevier.com/locate/amj Retrieved from https://www.swisse.com/en-au/our-story. Kotler,P., Marketing Management,(Millennium Edition),Custom Edition for University of Pheonix , Prentice Hall, 2000, p. 9 Dermott, D. (2013). A case study on reinvention and growth: Swisse is not selling vitamins, its selling wellness. Retrieved from http://www.anthillonline.com/a-case-study-on-reinvention-and-growth-swisse-is-not-selling-vitamins-its-selling-wellness/ Arndt,J., 1980. Perspective for a theory in marketing. Journal of Business Research 9(3), 389-402. Peattie. S., Peattie, K., 2003. Ready to fly solo: Reducing social marketings reliance of commercial marketing theory. Marketing Theory 3(3). 365-385 Rosenstock, I.M, 1966, Why people use health services. Milbank Memorial Fund Quartely 44(3). 94-127. Shizumu, K., 2003. Symbiotic Marketing Strategy. Souseisha Book Company, Japan. Chain, D. (2013). Swisse Vitamins makes U.S. debut at Walgreens. Supplier News. Retrieved from http://www.chaindrugreview.com/

Affirmative Action v. Reverse Discrimination :: essays research papers fc

Affirmative action in the U.S. started to come about in the early nineteen sixties. It was enacted along with many other anti-segregation laws, as part of the "Civil Rights act of 1964 and an executive order in 1965 (Affirmative, Encyclopedia Britannica par. 2)." Today affirmative action is still going strong. It has many positive aspects, but it also has several negative affects, one of which is "reverse discrimination. Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary defines affirmative action as "an active effort to improve the employment or education opportunities of members of minority groups and women." Some of the other areas of emphasis are age, religion, and ethnic origin. I feel the same as the authors of the Encyclopedia of the American Constitution, when they said these laws were brought about because, In the judgment of a good many Americans, equality qua equality, even when conscientiously enforced with an even hand, would neither suffice to enable those previously deprived on racial grounds to realize the promises of equality of opportunity, nor would it atone, and provide redress, for the ravages wrought by two centuries of past discrimination. Consequently†¦ programs were established†¦ to go well beyond "mere" equality of opportunity and provide not only remedial but preferential compensatory action, especially in the worlds of EDUCATION and employment (Affirmative, Encyclopedia American 34). However, even as early as 1978 the Supreme Court has made it a point to not support laws that provide for "reverse discrimination," which Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary defines as "discrimination against whites or males as in employment or education." The Supreme Court stated that this isn’t acceptable when it decided "reverse discrimination" is not acceptable legally or constitutionally (Affirmative, Encyclopedia American 35). I think what they mean by this is that, even though affirmative action is necessary, it should not be so harsh as to make it so the "majority" is then discriminated against in return, because then it is just reversing the discrimination, hence the term "reverse discrimination." There have been many court cases that support each side of this issue. There were some major Supreme Court cases that led up to affirmative action. One of which was Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 in which it was deemed that the constitution meant politically equal not socially equal, which was held up until Brown v. Board of Education Topeka Kansas 1954. Brown v. The Board was a huge stepping stone towards affirmative action, because it started the processes of desegregation.

Is Holden Caulfield a Typical Teenager?

In the novel, Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield is a 16 year old boy from New York City. He recently got the ax from his school, Pencey Prep, for failing four classes. He ends up roaming around the streets of New York City for three days, after leaving school early for Winter Break. Through Holden’s adventures, he becomes addicted to smoking, drinking and going out to night clubs. This conclusion leads me to think that he has the common issues that teens deal with daily. Although Holden secludes himself from the rest of the world, he is very much like a typical teenager when it comes to having problems in school. Holden reveals a strong hate for school. In chapter one, he states that â€Å"he didn’t know anyone at Pencey that was splendid and clear-thinking and all. Maybe two guys. If that many. † (pg. 6) Later, Holden gets kicked out from his school, Pencey Prep â€Å"on account of flunking four subjects and not applying† himself and all. (pg. 6) Holden is well known because teens can relate to him in so many things including issues in school. It seems that whenever Holden would get depressed he would turn to abusing alcohol, which is common among teens. In chapter 10, Holden was in a night club and he tried to order a scotch and soda, when the waiter asked for some verification of his age. (pg. 90-91) It seems that Salinger made this the only time alcohol wasn’t readily available in the novel. In chapter 12, Holden was at another night club, Ernie’s, when he tried again to order a scotch and soda, and was able to do so easily. He states that even if you were six years old you could get liquor at Ernie’s; nobody cared how old you were. (pg. 111) Again in chapter 20, Holden gets drunk at another night club. (pg. 194) The Catcher in the Rye demonstrates many life lessons, such as not abusing alcohol. In the novel, Holden Caulfield is like a puzzle piece that doesn’t fit anywhere in the puzzle, meaning he doesn’t fit in with the world. He has a really rough time fitting in at school because he thinks they are all phonies. In Chapter 1, Holden accidentally leaves â€Å"all the foils and equipment and stuff on the subway† so the whole team ostracizes him the whole way back on the train. (p. 6). In Chapter 6, Holden gets in a fist fight with his roommate Stradlater, because Holden continuously calls Stradlater a moron because Stradlater was criticizing what Holden wrote about for Stradlater’s paper that he asked Holden to write. (p. 54). Holden had a rough time fitting in both at school and in the world in general. The Catcher in the Rye illustrates a young boy struggling to try to fit in with everyone else and deal with life’s problems at the same time. From failing out of school to going to night clubs and getting drunk, this novel is told right from a teenager’s point of view. Salinger represents Holden as a character in his novel that holds many characteristic of a typical teenager, including alcohol abuse. To this day, Holden is well-known worldwide, by many people. He is known as the character that best describes teenagers and life problems.

Hospital management system Essay

1.User requirements †¢Users can log in and register patients. During registration the users should be able to enter basic patient information. †¢The system should allow the user to schedule an appointment for a new user in which the user should be able to assign the date, time, department and the doctor available at that time †¢Users can search for admitted patient. †¢User can see the department wise appointment and particular day’s outpatient and also see today’s waitlist, transfer or transfer a patient from one department to another department. †¢The user should be able to enter the basic information about the employee and his or her professional details. †¢The user will be able to add the urgency and reminder to patient or cancel an appointment of a particular patient or update patient details etc. †¢The user will be able to see doctor on call schedule department †¢The user will be able to create edit or update a duty plan of a doctor. The user should be able to delete and add a doctor to a particular department. †¢The user should be able to assign a particular bed to a particular patient, or discharge the patient. †¢The user should be able to view the waiting list and from there can transfer the patient. †¢The user should be able to search the patient who is gone through any operation and his or her detail information like operation date, surgeon, therapy etc. †¢The user should be able to view pending requests. 2.System requirements †¢The system should have a log in option and maintain a record of registered patients. †¢The system should categorize â€Å"In Patients† and â€Å"Out Patients† †¢The system should maintain a record of doctor’s schedules in order to allow so that, if a patient wants a particular doctor the system should enable them to search a particular doctor schedule and his or her available time. †¢The system should all allow modification of details. †¢The system should display a list of admitted patients. †¢The system should keep information related to patients which are out patient. †¢The system should allow registration of a new employee. †¢The  system should store today’s doctor on call schedule department. The system should also allow the user to create edit or update a duty plan of a doctor. †¢System should maintain the ward occupancy there room and bed. †¢The system should display details entered by the user of when the transfer a patient form one ward to another or one room to another room or one bed to another bed has taken place. †¢The system should output a waiting list. †¢The system should produce a nursing report, physician orders, diagnostic reports; lab reports etc. and the user should be able to view it. †¢The system should be able to create a duty plan for a particular nurse and also give a quick review of today’s nurses on standby duty. †¢The system should have a form for the user to fill to send a request to laboratory test. The system should maintain a radiological test request that a user can make. 3.Functional Requirements Functional requirements define the fundamental actions that system must perform. The functional requirements for the system are divided into various modules; Registration, Billing, Payroll Module, Outpatient Management, Inpatient Management and Pharmacy A. )Registration module This module of the system captures complete and relevant patient information such as patient registration details, doctors daily schedule list, doctors schedule summary and so on. And automates the patient administration functions to have better and efficient patient care process. †¢The system shall include a user authorization procedure where users must identify themselves using a login name and password. Only users who are authorized in this way may access the system data. †¢The system should be able to display enquires about the patient, the patient location, admission and appointment scheduling and discharge details. †¢The system shall record patient registration details and inpatient and outpatient registration details. †¢The system should allow users to modify patient or doctors details †¢The system should automatically give and store medical alerts details. †¢The system shall provide doctors schedule summary and doctors daily schedule list. †¢The system should maintain medical records that keep an abstract of clinical data about patients. B. )Billing module The Patient Billing module handles all types of billing for long-term care. This module facilitates cashier and billing operations for different categories of patients like Outpatient, Inpatient and Referral. Therefore in this module: †¢The system should provide automatic posting of charges related to different services like bed charges, lab tests conducted, medicines issued, consultant’s fee, food, beverage and telephone charges etc. †¢The system should be flexible to allow billing plans to be configured to automatically accept or deny. †¢The system should be tuned to enable this module to capture room and bed charges along with ancillary charges based on the sponsorship category. †¢The system should record the charges for various services rendered. †¢The system should display payment details. †¢The system should display reports and have a printing option. C )Payroll Module †¢The system should calculate total employee salary including reductions and allow the employer to, print salary slips and salary certificates †¢The system should produce PF statements, Gratuity Statements and also provide a monthly analysis. †¢Since the module deals with the maintenance of employee bio-data, the system should keep employee bio data including Attendance / Overtime details. It should also report on absenteeism or leave encasements of an employee. †¢The system should permit the department to conduct Employee Related Activities like appointing the staff, maintaining the employee database, Fixing allowances and deductions, Maintenance of Hospital documents, etc. D.) Outpatient Management module The outpatient module serves as an entry point to schedule an appointment with the hospital resident doctor or consultant doctor for medical consultations and diagnosis. In this module: †¢The system should provide instant access to comprehensive patient information to doctors. †¢The system should divide Patient visits into new, follow-up and review and record the appropriate details if any. †¢The  system should handle the modules requests and results of laboratory tests and other examinations. †¢The system should define external doctor’s visit to in patients as â€Å"call on†. †¢The system should store patient’s diagnosis details. †¢The system should provide a record of patient’s appointments. †¢The system should store outpatient medical observation details. †¢The system should provide a report on outpatient Treatment History. †¢The system should store the out patients clinical service details and common billing clinical services of the patient †¢The system should support online prescription, online request for Investigations and so on. †¢The system should calculate the cost for the services rendered to the patient and reflect it in the billing module appropriately resulting in smooth billing process. E) Inpatient Management module The inpatient module is designed to take care of all the activities and functions pertaining to Inpatient Management. Therefore: †¢The system should allow this module to automate the day-to-day administrative actives and provides instant access to other modules, which leads to a better patient care. †¢The system should provide comprehensive data pertaining to Admission of Patients & Ward Management: Availability of beds, Estimation, Agreement preparation, Collection of advance, planned admission, Emergency admission and so on. †¢The system should enable this module to support Ward Management involving the system recording details of a patient being shifted from one ward to the other. †¢The system should display and be able to keep a record of the number of available beds †¢The system should monitor the administration of drugs. †¢The system should display the details of when a doctor is to be or transferred. †¢The system should display requests regarding admission, drugs and also display pending requests. †¢The system should keep and display record of patients that are to be or have been discharged; the details should include the expected or the Date and Time of Discharge. †¢The system should allow the module (department) to track every visit made by a patient. F) Pharmacy module Pharmacy module deals with the automation of general workflow and administration management process of a pharmacy. †¢The system should allow purchasing of orders. †¢The system should store supplier’s information †¢The system should allow online request for stock from various sub-stores and online stock transfer. †¢The system should maintain the drug inventory. †¢The system should record and allow users to view the expiring date of items. †¢The system should produce a goods receipt. 4. Nonfunctional requirements. Non-functional requirements define the overall qualities or attributes of the resulting system. Performance Requirements Performance requirements define acceptable response times for system functionality. †¢The load time for user interface screens shall take no longer than two seconds. †¢The log in information shall be verified within five seconds. Security †¢The system shall ensure that data is protected from unauthorized access. †¢Through permitting the changing access permissions for the system data to only be done by the system’s data administrator †¢All system data must be backed up every 24 hours and the backup copies stored in a secure location which is not in the same building as the system Reliability †¢The system should perform its required functions under stated conditions if any. †¢The system should have a low rate of failure to deliver the services required by end users. Maintainability: †¢The system should be able to cope with the changing of technology. Size †¢The system should not occupy a large amount of memory disk space. Robustness. †¢After a failure the system should have a backup to assist in immediately functioning as required. 5.Usability requirements Some of the systems usability requirements should include: †¢Informative error messages for example when a record is missing and should be inputted or when incorrect data †¢The system should offer help facilities for users who require further assistance or understanding when using the system. †¢The system should have well-formed graphical user interfaces. †¢The time needed to be taken for users to learn the facilities of the system. †¢How satisfied are the users with the system can be measured by taking a survey. 6. Domain requirements Domain requirements are the requirement that comes from the application domain of the system that reflects the characteristics of that domain. Therefore, as this System is a hospital management System, the domain requirement of this system should concern about the requirements that reflect characteristic of hospital management system. Our hospital management System should contain the characteristics below: †¢The hospital management system must have basic functions: storing, tracking, updating and must be able to generate and display reports also records or details of patients, doctors, medical alerts, doctor’s schedules lists and so on. †¢ Every operation that occurs in the hospital management system must concern of Data Integrity. For example, we do not want the total charges calculated by the system of a patient and displayed not to be not accurate thus causing losses to the hospital making use of this system or a drug records is recorded without including its name or quantity. †¢Each operation that occurs in the hospital management system must be recorded, and the system should generate report from time to time. †¢Regarding security issue, the hospital management system must have an authentication features e to prevent unauthorized access. †¢Authorized person must be able to access the System 24/7 except the system is under maintenance. †¢The system should have a backup unit which will be required when an unexpected system failure event occurs. †¢The system should not only produce reports but also receipt when it comes to drugs to support manual tracking of finances if necessary. †¢The system should display requests regarding admission, drugs and also display pending requests and enable responding to them if required. †¢This system must monitor administration of drugs. REFRENCE SWE 626 Team 2 Hotel Management System Software Requirements Specification Document Retrieved from www.oocities.org/swe626/HotelManagementSystemCorrectFinalSRS.doc. Software Requirements Retrieved from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_requirements.