Why The American Government Should Be Based Off Of...

The topic of this paper is the argument on what the American government should be based off of either anti federalist ideas of federalist ideas. Hamilton will be one to proclaim that the federalist ideas are the best for he makes the point that without a strong centralized government the government will fall and it cannot stand with no centralized government. On the other hand Patrick Henry would be on the side of the anti-federalist because he believes that the government needs to be separated for if it becomes too strong no one can tell where the government will go with all that power but he is sure that if we give the states more power it would be much safer. The reader should very much care on this topic for in the most part this may very well help you understand what you are a part of and what you should see and know about. This can also show you what the government would be like and how it would act, you will also find what your government is and are doing and what they may do later. Things have happened with this very event, the reason for this is because it is a very important topic and has many different viewpoints in it. The government has also taken it upon itself to take powers that do not belong to the government. The government had taken court cases that they are not entitled to like the Stanford case where a slave had been fighting for his once free always free right, and had won two of the three court cases and both were by the state until the federalShow MoreRelatedTheu.s. Constitution And The Constitution1612 Words   |  7 PagesThe U.S Constitution is one of the most, if not the most, important documents ever written in political history. 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(What are we trying to protect) -Territory -Traditional views of national security center around defending territory -Protecting homeland not a major concern until after

Essay on Opposites Attract in Ernest Hemingways The Sun...

Opposites Attract in Ernest Hemingways The Sun Also Rises A Proverb once stated, â€Å"Opposites attract.† Scientist, chemist, doctors, and even matchmakers around the world know this statement to be true. However in Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, the relationship between Lady Brett Ashley and Robert Cohn proves this statement wrong. Throughout the novel, Lady Brett has many types of relationships with a variety of people, most of whom are men. Some of these men include Jake Barnes, the narrator of the story, Mike Campbell, her supposed husband, and Pedro Romero. Lady Brett’s laid back, independent, and rather promiscuous life style creates many†¦show more content†¦Even though Bill has not known Cohn for long, he already does not like him. Bill’s first impression of Cohn is a bad one, whereas Bill’s first impression of Brett is very good. After Jake introduces Brett to Bill he thinks, â€Å"‘Quite a girl. She’s damned nice’† (Hemingway 81). Everyone, inc luding Bill, like Brett and enjoy her personality and her company, whereas Cohn is the complete opposite. Cohn always seems to tag along with Brett, Jake, and Mike and never joins in on the conversations. Brett is always the life of the party, whereas Cohn usually keeps to himself. One night while they are in Pamplona, Spain for the week of fiestas and bull fights, they all go out drinking and Mike Campbell, who also does not like Cohn, badly embarrasses Cohn in front of the whole group. Mike begins yelling, â€Å"‘Do you think you amount to something, Cohn? Do you think you belong here among us? People who are out to have a good time? Do you think Brett wants you here? Do you think you add to the party? Why don’t you say something?’† (Hemingway 181). Even though the others do not like Cohn, they never honestly tell him to his face. However Mike is not afraid to speak the truth to Cohn. Not only do Cohn and Brett have different levels of popularity, but also different levels of maturity. Throughout the book, Cohn’s age difference separates him from all of the others. Cohn often is veryShow MoreRelated Comparing Daisy Buchanan of The Great Gatsby and Brett of The Sun Also Rises2630 Words   |  11 Pagesof The Great Gatsby and Brett Ashley of The Sun Also Rises      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Written right after the publication of Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises is apparently influenced in many ways.   The most obvious of Fitzgeralds influence is manifested in Hemingways portrayal of his heroine, Brett Ashley. Numerous critics have noted and discussed the similarities between Brett and Daisy Buchanan, and rightly so; but the two women also have fundamental differences. Compared to DaisyRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagescommentary in which the reader explains what the text reveals under close examination. Any literary work is unique. It is created by the author in accordance with his vision and is permeated with his idea of the world. The reader’s interpretation is also highly individual and depends to a great extent on his knowledge and personal experience. That’s why one cannot lay down a fixed â€Å"model† for a piece of critical appreciation. Nevertheless, one can give information and suggestions that may prove helpful

How Ethical Consideration Affects Human Resource Management free essay sample

You will meet many determinations in your calling. How you choose to manage them will sketch your ethical values. The best companies value their employees merely every bit much as their clients. Human resource directors play an indispensable function in using ethical rules. Human resource directors set an illustration for the remainder of the company. as ethical behaviour drips down from the directors. supervisors. employees. and clients into the local community. Almost all big sized companies have some type of human resources direction in topographic point so that employees have person available to assist them cover with many different types of issues that include understanding the companies medical/dental program. covering with differences between employees. pull offing ill yearss. pull offing holiday clip. the hiring and fire of employees. and the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours issues that face all employees. Without human resource direction. a company will happen that any differences that come up between the company and an employee. or between two employees. will take far excessively much clip to work out. Many times the terminal consequence will be unsolved issues that cause an employee to discontinue out of choler or defeat. Human resources are at that place to forestall this from go oning by holding effectual policies in topographic point to cover with any possible job that may originate. The success of most companies depends on this HR to be in topographic point and considers it a portion of any strong direction squad. Human resource direction will function to guarantee that employees are happy and that when differences and differences occur there is person impersonal to near who can implement the proper constabularies to cover with them. A big country of human resource direction is concerned with assorted ethical issues. both on the portion of high-level direction in its concern determinations and lower-level direction in the intervention of single employees. Management determinations must be made candidly taking all facets into consideration including societal duty. Supervisors must handle those they supervise reasonably in affairs of publicity and compensation. In human resource direction. by and la rge moralss is treated as being comparative. i. e. whether an action is moral or immoral. or right or incorrect depends on the chief position of the peculiar single human resource director. Such positions are surely molded by civilization. One of the most ambitious facets of human resource direction is to keep equity in engaging. publicity. and compensation. For illustration. a male supervisor must forbear from advancing or increasing the rewards of an attractive adult female who doesn’t wage attending to him. but who is invariably late for her occupation and whose work is 2nd rate. Feedback about your public presentation is the best manner for a company to better. Employees would value face to confront feedback on their public presentation. It is both sensible and logical to presume that compensation should track public presentation and that ethical considerations would non be a factor in public presentation scrutiny. Sometimes it is hard for a supervisor. who rationally accepts this rule. to follow it. and sometimes it is hard to carry an employee of its level-headedness. The supervisor who either recommends or has the authorization to set compensation may be persuaded by other factors to understate the public presentation of an employee’s production. Equally. an employee who will be negatively impacted by mensurating an employee’s end product may hold a difficult clip understanding why lower production should bring forth lower income when the hours spent on the occupation are the same as others with higher production and higher income. Employee rating by and large will dwell of multiple factors including such points as promptness. attitude. appropriate dress. personal training ( peculiarly in a place where clients are involved ) . linguistic communication. spruceness. congenialness. and public presentation end product. among other things. The rating procedure will be well different between service and production employees and between general employees and professional employees. The ethical challenge arises after all the factors have been considered ; the determination is made on factors other than those by which all the employees have been evaluated. Directors face a important internal ethical challenge when called to make their occupation. They acknowledge the one party and progressing the involvement of others. Aims may sometimes come at a cost to some employees and injury others. Human resource management’s purpose is to pull the right people with the right attitude and frame of head to lend to their company. Human resource direction ensures that employees grow with the organisation. That. as the company grows and develops the employee besides grows in cognition. experience and quality to back up the organisational growing. Companies that develop their employees ever realize considerable growing in their concern. This is because through preparation and development. employees learn to execute their occupation better and more efficient. Human resource direction determinations can non be uneffective. And they should non be inaccurate. Because truth is. it can be an organisation its really being. Quality determination devising does non come automatically. It takes preparation and experience to be able to do effectual and accurate Human resource direction determinations that make a diffe rence in a concern. Decision devising is possibly one of the most frequent undertakings Human resources face each twenty-four hours. They have to make up ones mind for themselves every bit good as rede their higher-ups on specific HR issues on a changeless footing. Basically. cognizing right from incorrect is the occupation of the human resource director. If an employee is non working to possible. so you must turn to the issue caput on. You must besides recognize that it is non ever the employees’ mistake that is why HR directors must stay impartial. There is a aureate regulation which provinces. do unto others as you would desire others to make unto you. If you treat people nice. have an unfastened head and have good hearing accomplishments. you will travel far in human resource direction. I believe I can do a difference in this field because I am a good individual. I love assisting people and I believe in assisting people reach their potency in life.

International Financial Management

Question: Discuss about theInternational Financial Management. Answer: Discussing Arbitrage The process of concurrent purchasing and selling of an asset from different types of market and locations in order to take the benefit of price fluctuations is known as arbitrage (The Economics Times, 2016). As per my point of view in arbitrage, the difference in the price of an asset is considered to be the net amount payable from the business. I believe that getting benefits from the usage of the different transaction for tax purposes is known as tax arbitrage. My understandings reveal that the company makes use of different places for purchasing the assets in order to take advantage of the tax rate. For instance, the company might take lease of an asset in one country, which is flexible in the treatment of the capital asset expenditure and the profits received by the company. Hence, the generous assistance of that country in the management of the transactions would allow the company to generate a significant straight tax loss on the agreement of the business (Murphy, 2012). From t he above example, I feel that tax arbitrage is a common thing in the present day scenario of a business. Many companies with a view to earn maximized profits utilize the practice of purchasing similar type of assets from different locations to save the taxes on the transaction. According to my view, the tax structure of Apple with the Irish government has helped the company to pay comparatively lower rate of tax in Ireland. Apple has formed two supplementary entities in Ireland. These subsidiary entities are named as Apple Sales International and Apple operations Europe, which possess majority of the companys assets. Apple Inc. in Ireland provides the license for selling phones to other subsidiaries in the global market. For example, if iphone is sold in China, the subsidiaries of Apple present therein would have to pay for using the property of the Irish company. So, the profit earned by providing license to the global subsidiaries would ultimately come to Irish subsidiary. Therefore, the profit generated from the different subsidiaries of Apple gets taxed at low rate in Ireland. This allowed the company to get benefits on taxes from such tax agreement with the Irish government (Taylor, 2016). From the above scenario, I can say that that Apple was not guil ty of practicing tax arbitrage in Ireland and instead continued to pay the corporate taxes as per the tax structure agreement that had been fixed between the company and Irish government European Union (EU) and Its Decision on Apple Yes, I think that EU has been unfair with Apple and this can be seen from the criticisms related to the European Unions decision on Apples operations in the global market. According to European commission, Irish government has allowed Apple to pay a comparatively lesser amount of corporate tax on the business operations. The government of Ireland and Apple have disagreed with the allegation of EU also decides to make an appeal against it. EU, therefore states that the company only paid 1% corporate tax in place of 12.5%, which is a standard rate of tax in Ireland for the corporate bodies. The government of the United States of America has responded that retroactive tax assessment made by EU is unfair and is discouraging the capability of the US companies to fight economically in Europe. The Irish government also seeks an approval from the Irish cabinet for the appeal against the allegations. 90%of the profits of Apple generated from the outside countries are legally treated in the Ir eland. Thus, this shows that EU was unfair with the performance of Apple on imposing 13bn as tax for breaking the state aid laws (BBC, 2016). The CEO of Apple, Tom Cook has mentioned several points regarding the operations of Apple in Europe which includes the following: The company had started business 36years ago in Europe, when iphone was not even introduced The company at that time was able to provide employment opportunities to more than six thousand people across Ireland The success of the company has been able to create more than 1.5 million jobs in the Europe. The company has always performed its role as a responsible corporate body and has even contributed largely towards the community and the nation The growing business has positioned the company as the major taxpayers in Ireland and even globally. The instructions and guidance of the Irish government regarding the operation of the business has been followed by the company to comply with the different types of tax rules (Source: Toor, 2016) Therefore, I feel that the claim of EU on Irish government favoring Apple on tax laws is baseless and would cause a disturbing environment pertaining to the sovereignty of the member states of EU on tax rules. Summary on Who Would Receive the 13bn That Apple Have Been Ordered To Pay I believe that, the amount paid by Apple as tax penalty must be received by the government of Ireland. Imposing back taxes on Apple according to EU means that the company has not been paying the real corporate tax rate of 12.5% as per then tax norms of Ireland. An investigation by the European commission has revealed that Apple pays only 0.005% tax on a regular basis, which is even lesser than the actual corporate tax rate. It is also comprehended that the selective treatment of the Irish government towards Apple has permitted the company to pay such lower rate of tax. The European commission has started rewriting the history of Apple regarding the negligence in paying taxes in Ireland and not following the International tax system (Baird, 2016). As per me, Apple in Ireland might have to incur $14.5 million as tax fine. The amount paid by Apple as tax has been found as 1% in 2013 out of 12.5 % of the corporate tax. The money would be payable by Apple to the government of Ireland as a compensation for not contributing the real amount of corporate tax. Hence, I think that, the decision by the European Commission has been seen as a controversial issue in the world. The taxation commissioner of EU has stated that such flexible treatment on tax would let the local small companies of Europe suffer in competing with the rivals in the market. For every 1 million profit, the company only paid 500 as tax, which is even less than 1% (Meyer, 2016). View from Investors Perspective on Apple Case As an investor, I suppose that the European Commissions tax penalty on Apple displays the dull reputation of the EU. I believe that the case of Apple would not stop the company from investing in its target market of Ireland and I would considerably purchase the shares of the Apple in the near future. My opinion is that the lowest corporate tax rate of 12.5% in the Western Europe has made Ireland the ultimate destination for the foreign companies to invest their capital therein. Thus, every investor think that the low relocation cost and tax would always attract the global investors to Ireland (Doyle Flanagan 2016). I consider that the penalizing Apple for tax arbitrage would not be a fair option to be undertaken by the EU. The tax arrangement of Apple with the Irish government is a part of an agreement and should not impose a tax punishment to the company. Apple has always operated its business by following the rules and regulations. Therefore, European commission is not able to control the federalism agenda and Apple has been penalized as it is one of the largest companies in the world with sound reputation in the international market (The Irish Times, 2016). My views say that, European Commissions decision of penalizing Apple if gets successful, the Irish government fund would get boosted, but the reputation of becoming good destination for the investment may not exist for the longer period of time. After Brexit, the EU has no authority on the corporate tax on United Kingdom and it could be a new choice for the investors like me to invest for future profit generation. There can be a willingness of outside country to invest openly in United Kingdom than the other EU countries. The amount of tax, if paid by Apple to the government of Ireland would then have been more than the government spending on countrys health services (The Guardian, 2016). Impact of Apple Case on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) On Ireland and EU In my opinion, the Apples case related to tax arbitrage would make a mixed impact on the foreign direct investment of Ireland and EU. Fiscal position of Ireland may get improved with the decision of European commission, but it may lead to an economic uncertainty in the medium term. The global investors may not see Ireland as the suitable destination for the FDI in case Apple is found guilty. Hence, there are possibilities of unstable political situation and economic impact of Apple case in Ireland and EU (RTE, 2016). I believe that the commissions decision on Apple case would hamper the FDI investment and hence the possibility of job creation in open economy would be less. Thus, Irelands image in the global market would tarnish as a result of which the outside country would show less interest in the building of financial infrastructure into the country. The ruling of EU has made an awkward environment for the foreign investors who mostly belong to the English speaking nations. The FDI of Ireland is 500% of the countrys economy and is considered to be the second largest in the European Union. The Ireland and EU may have to face the risks of losing its foreign investors, who facilitated the employment opportunities in Ireland (The Business Times, 2016). As per my understandings, the relation between the EU and the United States of America may also get affected with the Apple case in Ireland. The US investors and the US house representatives have stated that the decision of European commission to impose penalty on Apple is awful. The case of Apple would send a wrong message to the global investors such as United States of America, an English speaking country and might even have an impact on the job opportunities in the open economy. Therefore, there are possibilities that the American companies might start investing more on their home county rather than in FDI of EU and its member states. The FDI of Ireland and EU might even get affected in future after the case of Apple in Ireland as many multinational companies operating in Ireland are from the United States of America, who had opposed the decision of the EU for penalizing Apple (Financial Times, 2016). References Baird, R 2016. Apple Ordered To Pay Ireland 13bn In Back Taxes By EU Regulators, International Business Times, viewed 9 October 2016, https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/apple-ordered-pay-13bn-back-taxes-by-ec-1578709 BBC 2016, Europe's 'Unfair' Apple Tax Ruling Sparks US Anger, Business, viewed 9 October 2016, https://www.bbc.com/news/business-37226101 Doyle, D Flanagan, P 2016, Apples European Tax Woes Put Dublins Googletown on Edge, Market, viewed 9 October 2016, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-09-08/apple-s-european-tax-woes-leave-dublin-s-googletown-on-edge Financial Times 2016, Apple Hit With 13bn EU Tax Penalty Over Illegal Irish Aid, Home, viewed 9 October 2016, https://www.ft.com/content/b573ac02-6e90-11e6-a0c9-1365ce54b926 Meyer, D 2016, Here's What You Need To Know About Apple's $14.5 Billion EU Tax Bill, News, viewed 9 October 2016, https://fortune.com/2016/08/30/apple-tax-ireland-ruling/ Murphy, R 2012, How Companies Avoid Tax A Quick Summary In 8,000 Words, Tax Research UK, viewed 9 October 2016, https://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2012/01/06/how-companies-avoid-tax-a-quick-summary-in-8000-words/ RTE 2016, Apple Ruling Has 'Mixed Implications' For Ireland Fitch, News, viewed 9 October 2016, https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2016/0905/814343-fitch-apple/ Taylor, H 2016, How Apple Managed To Pay A 0.005 Percent Tax Rate In 2014, Technology, viewed 9 October 2016, https://www.cnbc.com/2016/08/30/how-apples-irish-subsidiaries-paid-a-0005-percent-tax-rate-in-2014.html The Business Times 2016, Apple's European tax woes leave Dublin's 'Googletown' on edge, Government and Economy, viewed 9 October 2016, https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/apples-european-tax-woes-leave-dublins-googletown-on-edge The Economics Times 2016, Definition of 'Arbitrage', Equity, viewed 9 October 2016, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/arbitrage The Guardian 2016, The Apple Tax Ruling What This Means For Ireland, Tax And Multinationals, Business, viewed 9 October 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/aug/30/eu-apple-ireland-tax-ruling-q-and-a The Irish Times 2016, Denis OBrien: Apple Should Not Be Punished Over Tax, Business, viewed 9 October 2016, https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/denis-o-brien-apple-should-not-be-punished-over-tax-1.2798706 Toor, A 2016, Read Apple's Letter To Europe On Irish Tax Decision, The Verge, viewed 9 October 2016, https://www.theverge.com/2016/8/30/12707932/apple-tim-cook-ireland-tax-european-commission

Tobacco Advertising (761 words) Essay Example For Students

Tobacco Advertising (761 words) Essay Tobacco AdvertisingTobacco Advertising and its dangerous effects on young people. Everyday 3,000 children start smoking, most them between the ages of 10 and 18. These kids account for 90 percent of all new smokers. In fact, 90 percent of all adult smokers said that they first lit up as teenagers (Roberts). These statistics clearly show that young people are the prime target in the tobacco wars. The cigarette manufacturers may deny it, but advertising and promotion play a vital part in making these facts a reality (Roberts). We will write a custom essay on Tobacco Advertising (761 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The kings of these media ploys are Marlboro and Camel. Marlboro uses a fictional western character called The Marlboro Man, while Camel uses Joe Camel, a high-rolling, swinging cartoon character. Joe Camel, the smooth character from R.J. Reynolds, who is shown as a dromedary with complete style has been attacked by many Tobacco-Free Kids organizations as a major influence on the children of America. Dr. Lonnie Bristow, AMA (American Medical Association) spokesman, remarks that to kids, cute cartoon characters mean that the product is harmless, but cigarettes are not harmless. They have to know that their ads are influencing the youth under 18 to begin smoking(Breo). Researchers at the Medical College of Georgia report that almost as many 6-year olds recognize Joe Camel as know Mickey Mouse (Breo). That is very shocking information for any parent to hear. The industry denies that these symbols target people under 21 and claim that their advertising goal is simply to promote brand swit ching and loyalty. Many people disagree with this statement such as Illinois Rep. Richard Durbin who states If we can reduce the number of young smokers, the tobacco companies will be in trouble and they know it (Roberts). So what do the tobacco companies do to keep their industry alive and well? Seemingly, they go toward a market that is not fully aware of the harm that cigarettes are capable of. U.S. News recently featured a discussion of the smoking issue with 20 teenagers from suburban Baltimore. The group consisted of ten boys and ten girls between the ages of 15 and 17. When asked why they started smoking, they gave two contradictory reasons: They wanted to be a part of a peer group. They also wanted to reach out and rebel at the same time. When you party, 75 to 90 percent of the kids are smoking. It makes you feel like you belong, says Devon Harris, a senior at Woodlawn High. Teens also think of smoking as a sign of independence. The more authority figures tell them not to smoke, the more likely they are to pick up the habit (Roberts). The surprising thing is that these kids know that they are being influenced by cigarette advertising. If these kids know that this advertising is manipulating them, why do they still keep smoking? The ads are everywhere, especially in teen-oriented magazines, such as Rolling Stone and Spin. The ads also fuel some of the reasons the children gave for starting. They represent rebellion, independence, acceptance and happiness. These are all the things a young person, between childhood and adolescence, needs and desires. This type of advertising, on top of peer pressure, is the mystery behind the rise in adolescent smoking. How do we stop the future of America from smoking? Here are three things that the experts recommend. Try to convince your children that smoking is not cool. Talk to your kids at a young age about the dangers of smoking. Identify family members who smoke and ask them to stop (Thomas). Children are the most valuable commodity we are given in life. Lets try to educate them while theyre young to be independent thinkers and to not be swayed by the tobacco companies who are trying to take advantage of their mind and body. Works CitedBill Clinton vs. Joe Camel. U.S. News World Report. 2 Sep. 1996: 12. Infotrac. Online. 27 Oct. 1996. .uf7782ff76f4254a392551509af04c566 , .uf7782ff76f4254a392551509af04c566 .postImageUrl , .uf7782ff76f4254a392551509af04c566 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf7782ff76f4254a392551509af04c566 , .uf7782ff76f4254a392551509af04c566:hover , .uf7782ff76f4254a392551509af04c566:visited , .uf7782ff76f4254a392551509af04c566:active { border:0!important; } .uf7782ff76f4254a392551509af04c566 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf7782ff76f4254a392551509af04c566 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf7782ff76f4254a392551509af04c566:active , .uf7782ff76f4254a392551509af04c566:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf7782ff76f4254a392551509af04c566 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf7782ff76f4254a392551509af04c566 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf7782ff76f4254a392551509af04c566 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf7782ff76f4254a392551509af04c566 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf7782ff76f4254a392551509af04c566:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf7782ff76f4254a392551509af04c566 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf7782ff76f4254a392551509af04c566 .uf7782ff76f4254a392551509af04c566-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf7782ff76f4254a392551509af04c566:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Vegetarianism EssaySelling Tobacco to Kids. America. 17 Feb. 1996: 3. Infotrac. Online. 27 Oct. 1996. Roberts, Steven. Teens on tobacco; kids smoke for reasons all their own. U.S. News World Report. 18 Apr. 1996: 38. Infotrac. Online. 27 Oct. 1996. Thomas, Roger E. 10 steps to keep the children in your practice nonsmokers. American Family Physician. Aug. 1996: 450. Infotrac. Online. 27 Oct. 1996. Breo, Dennis L. Kicking Butts-AMA, Joe Camel and the Black Flag war on tobacco. JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association. 29 Oct. 1993: 1978. Infotrac. Online. 27 Oct. 1996.

How to Tell a Male From a Female Shark

How to Tell a Male From a Female Shark Ever wondered how to tell the sex of a shark? Distinguishing the sex of a shark is easier than in most marine species. Its all in the sharks external anatomy. Male sharks have modified pelvic fins called claspers. Females do not have these claspers. As male sharks age, the calcium is deposited in the claspers, so that older males have harder claspers. In addition to the absence of claspers, females tend to be larger than males, although those differences may not always be obvious, especially in the wild. Where Claspers Are Located These claspers are located on the sharks underside, within the sharks two pelvic fins. They look kind of like long fingers that extend underneath the sharks belly.   Shark Reproduction in Brief The claspers are used for reproduction. Sharks breed via sexual reproduction with internal fertilization. This involves the sharks usually positioning themselves belly to belly, a process that can involve a lot of biting. The claspers have grooves which are used to transfer sperm from the male shark to the females cloaca.  The sperm is moved through the grooves using seawater. The sperm fertilizes the females eggs, and voila!- a shark embryo is created. From there, development and birth vary by species.   In some species, such as bamboo sharks, the female lays eggs outside of her body (oviparous). About 40% of the 400 shark species lay eggs. In ovoviviparous  sharks, such as whale sharks, basking sharks, and thresher sharks, the eggs develop inside the females body, but the young are born live. Placental viviparous sharks give birth in a way similar to mammals- the young shark is nourished inside the female by a yolk-sac placenta, before being born live. Bull sharks, lemon sharks, and hammerhead sharks are examples of species that employ this strategy.

Lessons Learned from the Enron Scandal Term Paper

Lessons Learned from the Enron Scandal - Term Paper Example The bankruptcy of such a big organization is regarded as the greatest setback in American history. The dissolution of Enron was the result of its own false practices illegal dealings of projects and not showing their debts on their company’s accounts. (Project 2000_25_Corporate) It was regarded as the greatest failure in terms of audit. Enron was established in 1985 by Kenneth Lay after the merger of Houston Natural Gas and Inter North. This merger created the largest gas pipeline system in America. In the 1990’s Kenneth Lay took an initiative to sell the electricity at market prices and the resulting markets helped him to sell the electricity at higher rates as a result increasing their income. Enron not only delivered natural gas but also became a market middleman for energy and brought the buyers and sellers of energy on one platform. Enron in just 15 years reached such a position where it became America’s seventh biggest company which employed 21,000 employee s in more than forty countries. (Enron scandal-at-a-glance, 2002) Enron became dominant in the trading of energy contracts and financial instruments known as Derivatives. By 1992, Enron became the largest seller of natural gas in North America with earnings of $122 million. In the late 1990’s Enron was considered as the best in the world as it controlled twenty five percent of all electricity and natural gas contracts. In November 1999, Enron’s online website was established which helped the company to manage its contracts more efficiently. This website of the corporation in no time became the largest e-business site of the world. Enron also invested in physical facilities. Enron in the beginning was an insurance company. For further development of the company, Enron purchased a number of assets which included gas pipelines, electricity plants, water plants and broadband services all over the world. The company also incurred revenue by dealing in the same products and services in which it had been involved. The stock of Enron rose from the beginning of the 1990’s until 1998 by 311% which was a remarkable increase in the rate of growth. Apart from that Enron was rated as the most innovative corporation in America, in the survey of Fortune’s most Admired Companies. After many years Jeffery Skilling was hired who developed the idea of using such an accounting system which could hide debts in billions from the failed deals. Not only him but Andrew Fastow Chief Financial Officer and many other executives misguided the board of directors of the Enron company. The shareholders of the Enron Company lost 11$ billion which was as high as US$90 per share in the middle of 2000 but fell to less than 1$ at the end of Nov 2001.As a result of which the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission started to investigate the matter. The decline of Enron started when its investors became known of the â€Å"off balance sheet† partnerships that were h iding billions of dollars of debts. One of the deals with Blockbuster Inc. which was a video rental company to provide movies on the internet was also cancelled in March. Moreover the rival company Dynegy offered to purchase the company and the deal was finalized on December 2, 2001. The Enron Company finally filed for the bankruptcy of the company. In the U.S. history Enron was the largest corporate bankruptcy until WorldCom’s was declared bankrupt the next year. Moreover there were many executives who were blamed for a number of charges and were then sentenced to prison. Moreover, Arthur Andersen the auditor of the corporation

KFC and the global fast food industry Term Paper

KFC and the global fast food industry - Term Paper Example KFC is a leading food chain in the world. When it comes to starting a new franchise in a new market, KFC would have to evaluate and analyze number of factors in its external and internal environment. The SWOT analysis for KFC is i. Strengths International recognition Ranked highest among chicken restaurants Unique flavor and recipe ii. Weakness Declining quality due to over franchising Less focus on R&D department Lack of relationship building iii. Opportunity Demographics trends have increased the growth Increased delivery services Updating restaurant and its menu iv. Threats Rapid change in customer demands Health awareness Increased competition PORTER’S VALUE CHAIN Michael Porter has given the concept of value chain in his book â€Å"The Competitive Advantage†. According to Porter, each and every activity and operation adds value to the produced product or service. So, every operation should support each other and should work at an optimum level. Porter suggested tha t organizations have two kinds of activities, â€Å"primary activities† and â€Å"secondary activities† (Overbeck 2009, p.26.). Primary activities: Inbound logistics: Involves obtaining raw material from supplies. KFC should make it clear to its suppliers, regarding the quality and time of delivery. Operations: Raw materials are combined to make the final product. This is the stage, where KFC has to keep check on quality and ingredients. In this stage, KFC can bring changes in its formula. Outbound logistics: Manufactured product is delivered to market. In case of KFC, it will not go to retailer or wholesaler, rather will go directly to costumer. Marketing and Sales: Marketing should be done in accordance to the needs of the end users. KFC should open its franchise in places where there is more demand, like near residential areas or in parks. Services: The services should include after sales services. KFC should provide services like feedback and royalty cards etc. to its regular users Support Activities: Procurement: The raw material acquired by KFC, should be properly accessed by KFC in order to assure best quality at best price. Technology development: The technology use can help KFC in maintaining the inventory record, sales, employee salary and attendance, and many other things. Human resource management: KFC has to recruit best available employees for its company, in order to deliver consistent quality to its consumer. Firm infrastructure: Organization structure matters a lot when it comes to adding value to the organization. KFC has to enforce and embrace a structure and culture that favors two way communications between employer and employee. b) Use Porter?s Five Forces framework to critically evaluate the opportunities and threats that faced KFC Corporation from the mid – 1990s to the year 2000. PORTER FIVE FORCE MODEL Michael Porter’s model has focused on how the corporate strategy should meet the opportunities and threats in corporation’s external environment. Porter has given 5 forces, on the basis of which a company can analyze its industry and market competition. These five forces are as follows: (Kurtz, MacKenzie&Snow, 2009) Bargaining power of suppliers: The supplies mean every kind of input that will help the organization in providing best products and services. The bargaining power of suppliers is high when suppliers are few and have a significant market share, and when cost of switching

Problems in sales and marketing and make recommendations&benefits Assignment

Problems in sales and marketing and make recommendations&benefits - Assignment Example In addition to that, the strategy of allowing the customers too much leeway regarding payment may make the organization to lose out on potential sales for new stock because it is highly unlikely that the customers who have not paid for purchased products will come back to purchase more. The company may subsequently find it more difficult to plan for its future operations (Espejo, 2010, 68). From the responses, it is evident that the organization does not have a concrete strategy for selling and marketing its products. This lack of strategy reflects on the sales and profits that the organization makes. The company advertises its products on different forms of media, the most preferred one by the company being the print media. However, the company does not market its product online. With the advent of technology as a tool for sales and marketing, the Secret Squirrel Company stands to make more sales and subsequent profits by advertising online (Ryan & Jones, 2009, 18). The company loses out on sales made to customers online, therefore limiting its own sources of revenue. It is also notable that the company spends the bulk of its budgetary allocation for advertising on print media advertisements. The Secret Squirrel Company spends more than $2 000 000 on print media advertising, while not spending as much on more visible media for advertising such as television and billboards (Stinson, 2008, 42). The company limits its exposure by spending so much on advertising on print media, such that the company neglects the ability of television and radio to attract potential consumers of the organization’s products (Jeannet & Hennessey, 2004, 117). Both the Sales and Marketing managers do not have enough information regarding the products that the organization sells. This does not help the organization to maximize sales, considering that the two should have the most information concerning the company’s products since they head these critical departments at

American Public University System Characteristics

American Public University System Characteristics Delainah E. Borgonia StarTeam StarTeam is a change management system that was developed by a company named Micro Focus. The systems main intent is to support an enterprise that can service anyone, no matter where they are located. This system is mainly used in my organization as a software development tracking tool that allows you to track the software development lifecycle through the StarTeam Change Request Workflow process. It also allows the program managers and system developers the ability to collaborate on projects and track the change management. Workflow is a term used to describe by which members of an organization completes difficult tasks or projects. This process allows one user to begin a task and pass it along to the next individual for review. Once that user is complete with their portion they will pass the project to another person to complete and finalize the review. This process will continue on until the project is developed, tested and deployed into production. Characteristics of the Users of the System The employees that mainly use the StarTeam system are the requirement managers, project managers, project functionals, analysts and system developers. The requirement and project managers responsibility is to review and validate the change requirements and update the objective scoring module in the Requirement Management System prior to it being imported into StarTeam. The project functional system evaluates the request, then decides if the request should be pursued. Once the project is given the go ahead, the project goes through the analysts for review and accuracy, then to the software developers to write code and develop the system. Features and Usage of the System The StarTeam Change Request Workflow strictly defines the change requests process, enhancing productivity and facilitating management oversight. The workflow also enforces the security it requires to ensure only authorized personnel for specific data can update that data element at the appropriate point in the workflow. All change request in StarTeam are controlled by a workflow. The workflow allows users to track the progress of any change request from when it is entered into StarTeam, to when it is closed. Each department that has a role to perform on the change request is reflected by the Air Force Change Request Status of the change request. Upon logging into StarTeam the first thing you see is a listing of projects broken out by system name. When clicking on a project, the main window that pops up is the Cross-Platform Client also known as the project view window. The Content Perspective view is the default view that you see when you open the Cross-Platform Client. On the Cross- Platform Client view is a series of Menus from the folder tree, upper pane, component tabs, and lower pane, and information tabs. The most important menu we use is the Upper Pane menu that consist of a list of items associated with the folder that is displayed in the folder tree. Even though each folder can contain items of different types of projects, the upper pane displays only one type of data at a time. This is where we are able to see where in the workflow process our project is currently at. The Enterprise workflow process starts at the status of Enter. This is a system status that is invisible to the user. The user is automatically advance to New for standard workflow or Technical Analysis for maintenance workflow. Under the New status the change request is imported from another system call Remedy and the Requirements Management System as well as those created manually inputted directly into StarTeam. For all manually created change requirements, the user will enter the required data using the change request form. For all others that are imported, the data required is captured during the import process and the change request is then displayed with an Air Force Change Request Status of New. The status is reviewed by the Air Force Personnel Operations Agency (AFPOA) Management. Once complete, it is then assigned to an AFPOA Functional and the status is changed to AFPOA Functional. While in the AFPOA Functional status the request is reviewed by the assigned AFPOA Functional. Fields such as the Description, Synopsis, Contact, Info, and Application System are validated at this point. This is where any files in support of the change request are checked into StarTeam and linked to the requirement. If the change request affects multiple systems, the AFPOA Functional will coordinate the creation of additional StarTeam change requests. All change requests and requirements arising from the change request will be linked even if they are in different projects originating from this change request. Within this status there are multiple sub-statuses to allow AFPOA to monitor the change request throughout the AFPOA process. Once the change request has moved through the AFPOA process the change request is ready for the business process owners (BPO) input, the AFPOA Functional will then change the request status to BPO Eval and inform the BPO that it is ready for their coordin ation. In the BPO Eval status the BPO will update the weighted factors and review the data entered thus far to ensure the change request accurately reflects the desired system change. When the BPO has finished the actions required, the status is changed to AFPOA QC and the AFPOA point of contact is notified that the change request is ready for their action. While in the AFPOA QC status the point of contact performs their final validation of the change request before it is made available for the Project Management Office (PMO) to begin their work on the change request. Once the change request is ready for the PMO, the AFPOA QC changes the status to Tech Analysis for the Analyst QCs coordination. In the Tech Analysis status the requirement is assigned to an analyst. The analyst will check-in any supporting documentation and link it to the change request. While in this status there are multiple sub-statuses in order to allow the project management office analysts to monitor the coordination throughout the Technical Analysis process. Once complete, the change request status is changed back to the AFPOA Functional for their approval. At this point, the AFPOA Functional reviews the change request to determine if it is ready for development. When the requirement is ready for development, the AFPOA Functional changes the status to Development. During the development step the change request is assigned to a developer by the Developer QC. The developer will complete the required modifications to the code and any documentation will be checked-in to StarTeam and linked to the change request. Once the requirement is coordinated through the developer the change request is developed and ready for testing. The Developer QC changes the status to Testing and the Test Manager is notified that the change request is ready for testing. Once the testing manager assigns the requirement to a tester, the tester executes the test plan in accordance to the requirement. There are several Test Phases that the requirement goes through before the change request is ready for acceptance testing. Once the requirement is ready for acceptance t esting, the Test Manager changes the status to Acceptance Testing, then the Test Manager notifies the AFPOA QC and notifies them that the change request is ready for action. During the Acceptance Testing step the AFPOA QC changes the Test Phase on the Testing tab to User Acceptance Testing and the Test Status to Testing Ready. After testing is completed successfully, the AFPOA QC changes the Test Status to Passed. When the change request is ready for production the AFPOA QC changes the status to Prod Ready and notifies the analyst that the change request is awaiting their action. In Prod Ready status the analyst prepares the change request and links any files for migration to production. After the migration is complete the analyst will change the status to Released. After all the actions are accomplished for production, the requirements status is changed to Closed and the closure reason to Released. That completes the Enterprise Workflow process and the desired system change is released to all users with the new system capability. Impact of the System The lack of StarTeam would hamper the developmental cycle and dramatically increase the time it would take to implement a new IT system. StarTeam is the glue that holds the entire system together. It documents all of the steps in the development cycle. All comments and notes are store on the StarTeam server. If someone needs to go back and check to see if a step was missing, that information is available for everyone on the project team to look at and evaluate. Life without StarTeam would definitely cause our employees to do everything manually. Doing things manually will dramatically increase the time spent on a project, as well as an increase in cost to pay the employees for the additional time needed to process each project. An increase of employees would also be required in order to keep track of each project status. Doing things this way will cause a tremendous delay and an increase in the cost of any system enhancement submitted, which in turn can cause mission degradation for the Air Force. One negative impact StarTeam has, is that the main users of the system are overly-dependent on the system and are not able to accomplish their job if the system was to go down because every change requirement project they are working on is stored in StarTeam. They have no other tracking mechanism they use to track and store the requirements that are being worked. Conclusion StarTeam is a critical system to the Air Force development cycle because of what we use it for. Ive discussed how we used StarTeam through the enterprise workflow process. The first step is for the BPO to submit a needs requirement statement into the Requirement Management System which then flows into StarTeam. Once the requirements needs statement is submitted, the appropriate functional system manger evaluates the request, then decides if the request should be perused. If the project is given the go ahead, the project moves to the next step in the requirements process which is the project development. While in project development, the software developers begin to write code and develop the system. After the development is complete, the project, then moves into the testing cycle. In the testing cycle, bugs and defects are found and fixed. The main goal of testing is to ensure the system works as designed. Once testing is complete the project is deployed with the new or updated syste m capability. The lack of StarTeam will definitely delay any system enhancement submitted and cause us not to complete our Air Force mission.

Civil Litigation Process For Sexual Harassment Essay example -- Sexual

Civil Litigation Process For Sexual Harassment Prompt: You are in charge of the human resources division of a large software development company. One of your responsibilities is to work with the company's retained law firm on suits against the company by present and former employees. A former employee has just filed suit against the company and one of its supervisor's for sexual harassment. The citation has been served upon the authorized agent for the company today. You have also been advised today that you are going to be promoted to senior vice president in charge of software development and that the new human resources director has little experience with matters related to civil litigation. You must orient the new director to the mechanics of how a civil lawsuit works its way through the legal system so that she can integrate her activities with that of the law firm in defense of the newly filed suit Prepare a three (3) to five (5) page memo to the new director generally describing the litigation process. To: Manager, HR department From: Vice President Date: 5/18/14 Subject: Litigation process for recent lawsuit of sexual harassment Over view The following document is a description of sexual harassment litigation process and my proposals to create a manual policy on sexual harassment cases. The Stages of Sexual Harassment Litigation 1. Beginning of Controversy and Attempts to Resolve Conflict "Having an litigation goal'' The goal of the case should be determined as early as possible, by the facts, witnesses, forum and client, because it will dictate how you will manage the litigation. For instance, if the forum, facts and client indicate that (1) summary judgment is ... ...uld establish, distribute to all employees, and enforce a policy prohibiting harassment and setting out a procedure for making complaints. In most cases, the policy and procedure should be in writing. Â · Small businesses may be able to discharge their responsibility to prevent and correct harassment through less formal means. For example, if a business is sufficiently small that the owner maintains regular contact with all employees, the owner can tell the employees at staff meetings that harassment is prohibited, that employees should report such conduct promptly, and that a complaint can be brought "straight to the top." If the business conducts a prompt, thorough, and impartial investigation of any complaint that arises and undertakes swift and appropriate corrective action, it will have fulfilled its responsibility to "effectively prevent and correct harassment."

Asia in Word War II Essay

World War II was the war that was supposed to end all wars. If one was an eyewitness of the said event more than 50 years ago, it is hard not to agree. The scale of the war was unprecedented. Millions of men and women were involved either as fighting in the front lines, being part of the support crew and team or by working as factory workers that supplied equipment and munitions. It was truly a global war because significant battles were fought not only in Europe but also in Asia. What the Nazis were to Europe, the Japanese Imperial Army was to Asia. They were a dominant force in countries such as China and Korea. They were able to terrorize and subjugate these two countries but it is not only in these territories that they flexed their military might. They also went southeast. This paper will look into the Japanese occupation of Southeast Asian countries: a) Philippines; b) Indonesia; c) Thailand; and d) Vietnam. The paper will attempt to find how the people from different regions and nations reacted towards Japanese occupation. Whether the people accepted Japanese rule or rejected them the factors and forces that are working for and against the Japanese will also be investigated. Occupying Force It does not require a rocket scientist or a gray-haired historian to realize that no people or nation will be delighted to find a foreign and invading army on their front yard the following morning. It is just plain unacceptable to find someone or something that disrupting someone’s routine. In the case of an occupying army the distraction and the aggravation is multiplied many times over. At the onset it can generally be said that no one – not even nice people fifty years earlier – would provide a red carpet welcome for the invading imperial forces. But a basic understanding of human nature can tell the first time researcher that in times of war the most basic human instinct that kicks in is self-preservation and that he will do everything to make his lot better even for his family. The following will discuss the situation in four Asian countries located in the southeast. All have similarities and also differences. For example, the Philippines was already under U. S. rule although it was being groomed for independence from the Americans. There was a significant military presence and for decades the Filipinos – at least the elite and others who occupy important positions – were collaborating with the Americans on various political issues. Vietnam was under French forces and based on the review of literature one can easily detect the dislike of the Vietnamese for their French rulers. This may explain their ambivalence over the Japanese occupation. Thailand on the other hand did not have a long history of colonization that may also have affected their view of the incoming Japanese forces. Indonesia was at the beginning stages of forming their national identity and the coming of the Japanese made for an interesting mix that generally favored the Indonesians. A more in-depth look will be found in the following pages. Elite vs. Peasants An accurate understanding on the effects of the Japanese Imperial Army’s occupation of the southeast region of Asia will not be possible without first understanding the role of the different social classes. Asia fifty or more years ago had a hierarchical society where the gap between rich and poor is so distinct. There were landed nobles and there were peasants doing back breaking labor. When the Japanese came, the invading army was like an equalizer of some sort. There are no rich and poor for the aggressor who is bent on subjugating a populace. For the Japanese soldier everyone is a Filipino, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Thai. Everyone are considered as the enemy which with the slightest advantage will not hesitate to overthrow or rout the occupying forces. But there are numerous sources and documentary evidence that can prove connivance between the ruling elites of the land and the invading army. This is not hard to understand because a wise general will always recognize the clout and capability of the members of the higher social classes in terms of helping them control the situation or on the opposite end aid others in setting up a guerilla movement to harass them. It then became a tricky political and social arrangement between the Japanese and the elite members of society who can be so practical in their outlook that they will be willing to be complicit with the enemy because there is no point in continually opposing their presence. This is the case of all Southeast Asian nations mentioned earlier. Atrocities Another factor that needs to be discussed first before going into the detailed description of local events is the mental and emotional baggage carried around by all the nations in the region even before the coming of the Japanese. This burden that they carry is the idea that the imperial army’s ranks are filled with blood-thirsty and sex crazed officers and men that will mutilate any nation that they will occupy. Before the bombing of the Pearl Harbor – which is the clear and irrevocable signal that the Japanese were in league with Hitler and Mussolini – the Japanese already showed signs of Nazi like ambitions. While Hitler wanted to gain control of Europe, Japan displayed its liking for Asian domination and so in 1937 the said army invaded China. In Nanking the world saw what Japanese soldiers are capable of when let loose in enemy territory. The following is an eyewitness account of what happened in the days following their invasion of China and it will be known later as the infamous Nanking Massacre: Foreigners who have traveled over the city report many civilians’ bodies lying in the streets †¦ A considerable percentage of the dead civilians were the victims of shooting or bayoneting in the afternoon and evening of the 13th, which was the time of Japanese entry into the city. Any person who ran in fear or excitement, and any one who was caught in streets or alleys after dusk by roving patrols was likely to be killed on the spot. Most f the severity was beyond even theoretical excuse. It proceeded in the Safety Zone as well as elsewhere, and many cases are plainly witnessed by foreigners and reputable Chinese. Some bayonet wounds were barbarously cruel (Zhang, 2001, p. 4). This kind of report will easily spread throughout the Asian region and it would have easily filtered to the local population of every nation. This will explain the reason why there are those who steeled themselves for Japanese invasion and vowed never to be under Japanese rule. Zhang argues that if the Nanking Massacre did not happen, the Japanese Army would have expected a far better reception in other countries but the atrocities in China was well known and he wrote, â€Å"At Nanking the Japanese Army has lost much of its reputation, and has thrown away a remarkable opportunity to gain the respect †¦ of foreign opinion† (p. 4, 2001).

buy custom Psychiatric Nursing Philosophy Examples

buy custom Psychiatric Nursing Philosophy Examples Personal Philosophy of Nursing Introduction Being a noble profession, nursing pertains to the care provided in the medical arena, by the nursing fraternity towards the provision of medical assistance to existent patients (both those admitted and the discharged convalescents). This is achieved through various pertinent procedural measures with their application being a vital component of daily nursing care life. Thus, through continued care, the organization is able to achieve greater effectiveness, efficiency and overall collective responsibility as pertaining to the overall wellbeing of its various patients, admitted or discharged. Psychiatric nursing thus, entails the specialized nursing profession, which primarily caters for patients exhibiting mental distress or illnesses. As such, it caters for all age-groups n categories and inclinations, with the major focus being on the treatment of such ailments as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, dementia, depression and psychosis amongst others.

Achieved Status Versus Ascribed Status in Sociology

Achieved Status Versus Ascribed Status in Sociology Status is a term that is used often in sociology. Broadly speaking, there are two kinds of status, achieved status and ascribed status. Each can refer to ones position, or role, within a social system- child, parent, pupil, playmate, etc.- or to ones economic or social position within that status.   Individuals usually hold multiple statuses at any given time- lawyers, say, who happen to devote most of their time to pro bono work instead of rising through the ranks at a prestigious law firm. Status is important sociologically because we attach to ones position a certain set of  presumed  rights, as well as presumed obligations and expectations for certain behaviors. Achieved Status An achieved status is one that is acquired on the basis of merit; it is a position that is earned or chosen and reflects a persons skills, abilities, and efforts. Being a professional athlete, for example, is an achieved status, as is being a lawyer, college professor, or even a criminal. Ascribed Status An ascribed status, on the other hand, is beyond an individuals control. It is not earned, but rather is something people are either born with or had no control over. Examples of ascribed status include sex, race, and age. Children usually have more ascribed statuses than adults, since they do not usually have a choice in most matters. A familys social status or socioeconomic status, for instance, would be an achieved status for adults, but an ascribed status for children. Homelessness might also be another example. For adults, homelessness often comes by way of achieving, or rather not achieving, something. For children, however, homelessness is not something they have any control over. Their economic status, or lack thereof, is entirely dependent on their parents actions. Mixed-Status The line between achieved status and ascribed status is not always black and white. There are many statuses that can be considered a mixture of achievement and ascription. Parenthood, for one. According to the latest numbers gathered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), nearly 50 percent of pregnancies in the U.S. are unplanned, which makes parenthood for those people an ascribed status. Then there are people who achieve a certain status because of an ascribed status. Take Kim Kardashian, for example, probably the most famous  reality television celebrity in the world. Many people might argue that she would never have achieved that status if she had not come from a wealthy family, which is her ascribed status.  Ã‚   Status Obligations Probably the greatest set of obligations are conferred upon the status of parenthood.  First, there are biological obligations: Mothers are expected to care for themselves and their unborn child (or children, in the case of twins, etc.) by abstaining for any activity that could cause either of them harm. Once a child is born, a host of legal, social, and economic obligations kick in, all with the purpose of ensuring that parents act in a responsible manner toward their children. Then there are professional status obligations, like doctors and lawyers whose vocations bind them to certain oaths governing their client relationships. And socioeconomic status obligates those who have achieved a certain high level of economic status to contribute portions of their wealth to help the less fortunate in society.

Safety Legislation,safety profession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Safety Legislation,safety profession - Essay Example The first major step I would adopt in assuring that my organisation complies with OSHA is to initiate a health communication standard. Through this standard, I will ensure that the employees and the management team are aware of the hazardous chemicals in the work place and how to protect against their adverse effects. This will entail complying with the rules as outlined by the 29 CFR 1910.1200. Secondly, I would initiate an emergency action plan standard. This involves describing the actions that employees should emulate to ensure their safety during emergencies. Thirdly, my focus will be to establish a fire safety. Through a fire safety prevention plan, I will ensure that any accident that arises as a result of fire is avoided. Fourthly, I would establish an exit route. This will be inline with the OSHA requirement that all organisations must establish exit route within their premises. Fifthly, I would initiate a walking and walking surfaces (United States Department of labor 24). In this way, accidents related to slips, falls and trips will be significantly reduced. Sixthly, I would establish a medical and first aid kit. In this way, all accidents within the work place will be addressed. Question 2 Safety profession entails protection of harm to employees, environment as well as the properties that are vital in day to day running of an organisation. Using key principles that are drawn from various fields such as engineering, health, management, physics, education and psychology among others, safety professionals are focused at preventing accidents and illnesses among other incidents that can affect the operations of a company.

Philosophies of punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophies of punishment - Essay Example Rehabilitation aims to bring the good if not the best in a person encouraging psychologists to study intensively the psychological effects of being good to a person. Incapacitation is simply getting a person out from things, persons or places that would enable him to commit criminal acts while retribution is punishing because one deserves the punishment. Having discussed these, it is the aim of this paper to make its readers have a general grasp of what these rationales could do and their limitations. Having thus understood such, it should be the reader’s responsibility to act accordingly be it in the professional or personal application of this paper. Punishment, though obviously important has taken the attention of many debates on its implementations especially when it came to matters as the life sentence or more importantly, death sentence. Debates have been widely discussed and different angles have been considered on this issue but what complicates it is the fact that the re are varied opinions on punishment and there are a lot of people involved and could be affected in the implementation or non-implementation of punishments. This very nature of the complication led researchers to look for acceptable forms of punishment which in a way would justify the intensity of punishment compensating the crime committed, thus the definition of rationale for the punishments. The general agreements on the justification of punishment are deterrence, rehabilitation, incapacitation and retribution, looking forward to reducing crime rate with the exception of the latter (Jawkes & Letherby, 2002, p. 3

LAB one Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

One - Lab Report Example Upon a thorough analysis of the lab, the following is what was found out (Sanders 2007). It is vital to note that, I firstly noticed that, the number of packets captured was dependent on the size of a particular URL. That is, the smaller the URL the lower the number of packets and the bigger the URL, the higher the number of packets. Additionally, I perceived that the first two packets in the beginning of trace are in most cases made up of equal size while the third one is of the smallest value compared to the other two. Furthermore, I noted that when the value (200 OK) appears in a trace result, then, it means that the fetch operation of a particular URL or website site must has been successfully executed (Sanders 2007). Lastly but certainly not the least, regarding the lengths of the network packets, the following is what was captured. The first one is of the length 76 units. The second one was of the same size at the first one, which is 76 units. The third one is of the length, 64 units (Sanders

Evolution of New Media Essay Example for Free

Evolution of New Media Essay The advancement of technology has transformed dramatically in the 21st centaury and affects every aspect of our everyday lives. With the comparison of a South African example of traditional and new media products, in the form of the print and the on-line news providers of the Mail Guardian news product, this essay seeks to evaluate the implications of the development of new media, and its affects on the likes of traditional news products. Before delving into the issue of the impact that new media has on traditional media, it is important to define these two terms. Traditional media is commonly seen in the form of radio, television and print (newspapers). Each are separate entities and are independent of each other. They do not rely on each other for existence and do not influence each other in any way. As the term, traditional media, is an incredibly broad term, it is difficult to give a precise definition for it. Rather, it is in contrast to the concept of new media that a fitting definition for the term traditional media is formed. Print media, in the form of the Mail Guardian newspaper, is a South African example of traditional media. The term new media refers to the forms of media content that combine and integrate data, text, sound and images of all kinds(Flew, 2003: 10). The on-line news provider, Mail Guardian, is a South African example of new media. The website incorporates images, texts and sounds-all of which are separate medium-and brings them together under one roof. This bringing together of various medium to form one entity is known as convergence (Dessaucer, 2004: 123). It is this idea of convergence of various media, which defines the term new media. Unlike the print edition of the Mail Guardian, the on-line version offers a broad range of modifications to its traditional counterpart. Rather than being printed on paper, news articles of the on-line news provider are presented in digital form. This is a seemingly obvious observation, however, it highlights the evolution of traditional media into the more popular form of new media. There is also a noticeable difference between traditional and new media in that rather then flipping through pages of undesirable texts and articles, the reader of on-line news sites actively selects the articles that they wish to read by effortlessly clicking a mouse. Furthermore, on-line news providers provide more than merely news articles. Through features called hyperlinks, readers can be transported to various other websites such as sports, music sites and even virtual gambling (Flew, 2003). Hence on-line news providers extend beyond the realms of merely providing news, but rather as technology co ntinues to develop, and the boundaries of one website and another become blurred, they begin to assume a more all-rounded focus. Online news services allow the reader the luxury of setting a specific section of the news as the front page, opposed to traditional media, where the content of the front page, is dictated by the editor. Among the many other advantages generated by new media is that it allows for articles to be reported in real time and updated often (Dessaucer, 2004: 123). Most print media are usually printed twice a day. In the case of the print form of the Mail Guardian, it is only printed once a week. Hence, if a news story breaks after the paper has been printed, readers are required to wait a full week to get its take on the matter. In the case of a reader missing a weeks edition of the newspaper, they will find much difficulty in trying to retrieve it. With the advancement of technology, the Mail Guardian online caters for issues such as these. New media allows for storage of information without causing cluttering-as would be found in the storing of old newspapers. By creating archives where readers can actually retrieve past information, the issue of loosing out on a weeks worth of news is eliminated. The Mail Guardian online, has the ability, unlike that of traditional print media, to upd ated and edit its stories as often as required. So, readers of online news services are kept up to date on breaking news, in real time, as opposed to the readers of the print version of the Mail Guardian, who receive breaking news a week after it actually occurs. Here again the advantages of new media are highlighted. The likes of traditional print media are also limited by space, resulting in the actual content to be limited. Thus in traditional print media, only selected articles feature in the news. On the other hand, new media, in the form of on-line articles, tend to contain more in-depth articles, as well as provide additional information on related topics in the form of layered journalism (Dessaucer, 2004: 125). This idea of layered journalism, utilizes the feature of hyperlinks (Flew, 2003: 15). As explained earlier, hyperlinks provide the reader with links to other related information, including past stories, multimedia features and links to other websites that offer primary source information on a specific subject (Dessaucer, 2004: 124). The advantage of this is that the reader is provided insight into specific topics, without much effort and without actively having to search for it. Limitations to traditional media are found in the area of interactivity. Person-to-person interactivity in traditional media is extremely limited in comparison to that of new media forms, which both facilitates and stimulates interactivity on all levels. Internet usage involves person-to-person communications, group communicationthrough electronic mail (email), news groups, chat rooms, mailing lists and the World Wide Web (Flew, 2003: 12). This increased interactivity, stimulated by new media, allows the reader to assume a more active role rather than a passive one. New media benefits the journalist as much as it does the reader. New media and the idea of convergence, allows for a journalist to film a news event, interview people, write an article on the event and send it to his/her editor, who will post the article on-line, all in a matter of minute and all with the same instrument. Again this emphasises the idea of real-time journalism, opposed to traditional media, where a journal ist first has to film an event, then they have to interview people and only then can they write their article. Furthermore, if the event is a far distant from the place where the article will be published, it will take a considerable amount of time for the article to reach the editors. Only after this whole procedure, can the article be published, by which time the then breaking news would have already been forgotten by the public. It is this slow, relentless pace that sets traditional media light-years apart from new media. It is estimated that by 2005, approximately 194 million people will be on-line in the U.S. alone. Research shows that from 1996-2000, the number of people on-line had increased by a staggering 149% (Dessaucer, 2004: 124). With new medias increasing popularity, it is not surprising that that newspaper readerships have been declining worldwide (Flew, 2003: 101). As reading of newspapers is becoming a less popular activity, it is surprising to note that on-line news providers are not yet the dominant news source (Dessaucer, 2004: 124). One only wonders how long it will take for on-line news services to be the service of choice, considering all its advantages, as well as the staggering growth rate of new media users. Although losing popularity worldwide, there is still a market for traditional media in the form of the poorer third world communities. In order to utilise new media, one is required to have the necessary knowledge, facilities and infrastructures readily at hand. This poses problems for poor third world communities, as all these essentials are incredibly expensive to orchestrate and implement. These communities barely have money for food let alone unnecessary luxuries in the form of advanced technology. Other issues which surface when dealing with new media is the idea of ownership and funding. As technology advances into the 21st century along this information highway, it is those companies who are active on the global stage, across different media such as the likes of the South African company, Johncom, that actually own and fund these online services (Steemers, 1999: 232). As these companies are usually based in the west, it is the western style democracies, which have traditionally influenced broadcasting policy (Steemers, 1999: 233). Hence, issues of plurality and cultural diversity arise, as these companies usually neglect to consider the views and styles preferred by other communities (Steemers, 1999). Furthermore, The idea of converge nce, in new media, which allows for a person to read the news, receive the latest sports updates, check his/her shares on the stock exchange while talking to his loved ones overseas depositing money into his bank account and listening to the radio all at the same time raises the issue to attention. The fact that the reader is partaking in various activities at once highlights the fact that the focus of attention has the tendency to move at an alarming rate (Steemers, 1999: 233). Conclusion: As technology continues to advance and new media continues to assume an ever-increasing influence in the media industry, it seems inevitable that traditional media will slowly be phased out of existence and in fact evolves into what is known as new media. However, in as much as new media is seemingly the way of the future and provides seemingly endless opportunities for its users, it only focuses on a niche market, leaving behind the poorer third world communities. Until such a time that access, infrastructure and education about new media are made affordable and available to these poorer communities worldwide, print media and traditional media, it seems, will continue to exist. Rather than suffocating it into extinction, it is likely that traditional media and new media will exist side by side for a long time to come. REFERENCE LIST * Dessaucer, C. 2004. New Media, Internet News and News Habit. In Howard, P and Jones, S (ed), Society Online, London: Sage, 121-136. * Flew, T.2003. New Media: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. * Steemers, J. 1999. Broadcasting is dead. Long live digital choice. In Mackay, H and OSullivan, T (ed), The Media Reader. London: Sage, 231-249.

Physics is Everywhere Essay -- Essays Papers

Physics is Everywhere Physics is like math; it is always being used everywhere, whether we are conscious of it or not. With the use and knowledge of physics, one can take into account that knowledge to help them perform a deed more successfully and efficient. Although skydiving and weight lifting aren’t the only activities that involve physics, I feel that they are some of the most interesting and benefit seeking activities. Without the knowledge of physics, skydiving wouldn’t be as safe as it is today and weight lifters wouldn’t be able to lift five times their weight. The history of the physics of skydiving and weight lifting has been affected by implications socially and economically. Over the years, these activities have been altered due to increasing knowledge of physics, and this knowledge will continue to expand as time elapses. In 1797 the Frenchman Andre Jacques Garnerin performed the first parachute plunge from an aircraft using a basket below an open parachute, which was made of silk and solidified with supporting poles (The History of Sport Parachuting). When the first parachute was dropped, physicists didn’t have a wealth of knowledge about the physics that supported skydiving. Ever since the first drop, skydiving has been an evolving sport, as this is due to the developing knowledge of physics. Skydiving is perceived as a very risky sport in the eyes of the public; therefore, in order for the sport to continue, physicists needed to discover ways to reduce the risks involved. They were successful in doing this by developing better equipment and techniques. The economical impact of skydiving has been huge. The research involved in the design of the chute, the materials used, and the engineering invo... ...s. â€Å"Physics in Action† 4 June. 1997. 15 Nov. 2005. http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/projects/frig/piabycbu/pia1.html - George, Jeff. â€Å"Physics and Skydiving†. NASA. 15 Nov. 2005. http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/qa_gp_fm.html - Hewitt, Paul. â€Å"Conceptual Physics.† St. Petersburg Fl. 2006. Tenth Edition. - â€Å"Physics of Skydiving†. 15 Nov. 2005. http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/211.fall2000.web.projects/Vlad%20Paverman/skydiving.htm - Sabra, Phil. â€Å"What is the physics involved in skydiving?† 2005. PhysLink. 15 Nov. 2005. http://www.physlink.com/Education/AskExperts/ae536.cfm - Sharrow, Dustin. â€Å"A Short History of Bodybuilding†. BMEZINE. 2 Dec. 2003. 15 Nov. 2005. http://www.bmezine.com/news/dustin/20031202.html - â€Å"The History of Sport Parachuting† BPA. 15 Nov. 2005. http://www.bpa.org.uk/history.htm

Animal Farm: Depicts the Views of Communist Society

Animal Farm The views of communism are not very common today simply because of how impractical they are. The human nature to create hierarchy is a direct contradiction to the views of communist society. Animal Farm is George Orwell’s comment on communism in the form of a satire where the animals on a farm rebel against the farmer and seize control. From the first stirring of rebellion, there are resolutions to keep all animals equal.However, the farm soon went from a utopia to something far from perfect as the pigs slowly take reigned over the other animals. The pigs completely corrupt Old Major’s vision of Animalism by taking special privileges, changing the commandments, and exploiting the animals. At the start of Manor Farm’s transition to animal farm, the pigs rewrite Old Major’s idea of Animalism and Squealer is forced to change the Commandments to fit new circumstances. The first alteration to the Commandments comes after the pigs move into the Mr.Jo nes’ farmhouse. A few animals remember something in the commandment specifically on beds, but cannot muster much because of their inferior intelligence. The ban on sleeping in beds is changed in Napoleon's favor by the addition of the words â€Å"with sheets† to the fourth commandment (â€Å"No animal shall sleep in a bed†. These suspicions are further forgotten as Squealer assures the other animals that the pigs sleep in beds with blankets, and have gotten rid of the sheets.In addition, the pigs start to drink alcohol. When Napoleon gets drunk, many animals are alarmed and shocked, but all that ultimately happens is that the words â€Å"to excess† are added to the fifth commandment (No animal shall drink alcohol). It is evident that Old Major’s speech was in vain as the pigs ignore the old pig’s warnings and start to attain human traits. There is no subtle change to the third or first Commandments about wearing clothes and walking on two le gs.This is because by the time the pigs start to put on clothes and walk on two legs, they are so powerful that it is unnecessary. Instead, all of the â€Å"unalterable laws† are abandoned and Old Major’s inspiring commandments are replaced by the slogan- â€Å"All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others. † The pigs’ changes to the original views of Animalism causes them to take control and essentially put the farm back into its previous condition before the rebellion.The sole difference was the control of Farmer Jones, and that of â€Å"our Leader, Comrade Napoleon†. George Orwell uses Anima Farm to portray the pitfall of a totalitarian society. Orwell shows his opposition by creating a novel with animals representing different people in the world. The author’s message is a warning of what comes with communistic governments and dictatorships. The pigs and animals on the farm are simply an allusion to the communist societies i n the world today.

Humman Cloning

* INTRODUCTION: The world of science and the public at large were both shocked and fascinated by the announcement in the journal Nature by Ian Wilmut and his colleagues that they had successfully cloned a sheep from a single cell of an adult sheep (Wilmut 1997). Scientists were in part surprised, because many had believed that after the very early stage of embryo development at which differentiation of cell function begins to take place, it would not be possible to achieve cloning of an adult mammal by nuclear transfer.In this process, the nucleus from the cell of an adult mammal is inserted into an ennucleated ovum, and the resulting embryo develops following the complete genetic code of the mammal from which the inserted nucleus was obtained. But some scientists and much of the public were troubled or apparently even horrified at the prospect that if adult mammals such as sheep could be cloned, then cloning of adult humans by the sameprocess would likely be possible as well.Of cour se, the process is far from perfected even with sheep— it took 276 failures by Wilmut and his colleagues to produce Dolly, their one success. Whether the process can be successfully replicated in other mammals, much less in humans, is not now known. But those who were horrified at the prospect of human cloning were not assuaged by the fact that the science with humans is not yet there, for it looked to them now perilously close. The response of most scientific and political leaders to the prospect of human cloning, indeed of Dr. Wilmut as well, was of immediate and strong condemnation.In the United States, President Clinton immediately banned federal financing of human cloning research and asked privately funded scientists to halt such work until the newly formed National Bioethics Advisory Commission could review the â€Å"troubling† ethical and legal implications. The Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) characterized human cloning as â€Å"ethica lly unacceptable as it would violate some of the basic principles which govern medically assisted reproduction. These include respect for the dignity of the human being and the protection of the security of human genetic material† (WHO 1997).Around the world similar immediate condemnation was heard, as human cloning was called a violation of human rights and human dignity. Even before Wilmut’s announcement, human cloning had been made illegal in nearly all countries in Europe and had been condemned by the Council of Europe (Council of Europe 1986). A few more cautious voices were heard, both suggesting some possible benefits from the use of human cloning in limited circumstances and questioning its too quick prohibition, but they were a clear minority.In the popular media, nightmare scenarios of laboratory mistakes resulting in monsters, the cloning of armies of Hitlers, the exploitative use of cloning for totalitarian ends as in Huxley’s Brave New World, and the murderous replicas of the film Blade Runner, all fed the public controversy and uneasiness. A striking feature of these early responses was that their strength and intensity seemed to far outrun the arguments and reasons offered in support of them— they seemed often to be â€Å"gut level† emotional reactions rather than considered reflections on the issues.Such reactions should not be simply dismissed, both because they may point us to important considerations otherwise missed and not easily articulated, and because they often have a major impact on public policy. But the formation of public policy should not ignore the moral reasons and arguments that bear on the practice of human cloning— these must be articulated inE-4 order to understand and inform people’s more immediate emotional responses. This paper is an effort to articulate, and to evaluate critically, the main moral considerations and arguments for and against human cloning.Though many peopleà ¢â‚¬â„¢s religious beliefs inform their views on human cloning, and it is often difficult to separate religious from secular positions, I shall restrict myself to arguments and reasons that can be given a clear secular formulation and will ignore explicitly religious positions and arguments pro or con. I shall also be concerned principally with cloning by nuclear transfer, which permits cloning of an adult, not cloning by embryo splitting, although some of the issues apply to both (Cohen and Tomkin 1994).I begin by noting that on each side of the issue there are two distinct kinds of moral arguments brought forward. On the one hand, some opponents claim that human cloning would violate fundamental moral or human rights, while some proponents argue that its prohibition would violate such rights. On the other hand, both opponents and proponents also cite the likely harms and benefits, both to individuals and to society, of the practice. While moral and even human rights need not be un derstood as bsolute, that is, as morally requiring people to respect them no matter how great the costs or bad consequences of doing so, they do place moralrestrictions on permissible actions that appeal to a mere balance of benefits over harms. For example, the rights of human subjects in research must be respected even if the result is that some potentially beneficial research is made more difficult or cannot be done, and the right of free expression prohibits the silencing of unpopular or even abhorrent views; in Ronald Dworkin’s striking formulation, rights trump utility (Dworkin 1978).I shall take up both the moral rights implicated in human cloning, as well as its more likely significant benefits and harms, because none of the rights as applied to human cloning is sufficiently uncontroversial and strong to settle decisively the morality of the practice one way or the other. But because of their strong moral force, the assessment of the moral rights putatively at stake i s especially important. A further complexity here is that it is sometimes controversial whether a particular consideration is merely a matter of benefits and harms, or is instead a matter of moral or human rights.I shall begin with the arguments in support of permitting human cloning, although with no implication that it is the stronger or weaker position * The possibility of human cloning, raised when Scottish scientists at Roslin Institute created the much-celebrated sheep â€Å"Dolly† (Nature  385,  810-13, 1997), aroused worldwide interest and concern because of its scientific and ethical implications. The feat, cited by  Science  magazine as the breakthrough of 1997, also generated uncertainty over the meaning of â€Å"cloning† –an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. Historical Background: The history of human cloning human cloning is undoubtedly one of the most fascinat ing chapters of our lives. Essential question to be discussed to understand the ramifications of human cloning is when human life begins? C. Ward Kischer, a famous American embryologists, wrote in a recent article: â€Å"Since 1973 when Roe vs. Wade was won there were many socio-legal issues related to human embryo. Abortion, fertilization in vitro research on human embryos, research on stem cells, cloning and genetic engineering are substantive issues of human embryology†.The answer is clear embryology that life begins at fertilization of the egg by a sperm (sexual reproduction) or if the SCNT cloning, implantation and activation when the donor somatic cell nucleus into an egg recipient (asexual reproduction). (6) Although non-mammalian cloning was achieved in 1952, mankind had to wait another 44 years until he was finally cloned the first mammal. The first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep was born on July 5, 1996. In this fascinating history of cloning, there has been a major setback in 2003 when Dolly died at the age of 6 years.Death of the first cloned mammal, was followed by a lively debate related issues / ethical aspects of cloning, debate that continues today. Besides the successful attempts to clone the different species of animals, XX century was marked by several important moments in the development of the genealogy. Deciphering the success of DNA code in 1968 came as an enormous progress around much desired human clone. With nearly 20 years later, by 1988 the human genome, that genome Homosapiens stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes has been released.As things were headed becoming better by the appearance of a human clone, a major problem has become â€Å"human cloning prohibition act† in 2009, which has labeled as cloning illegal, immoral, not unethical activity. Since 2009, human cloning is illegal in 23 countries. So far, experiments were undertaken with five species of animals and the high rate of failure has given rise to many questio ns about human cloning success. Only 1% of animal cloning made so far have had a positive result, but most of them have suffered serious disorders. The conclusion of experts is that the current level of technology, human cloning is very dangerous.I discussed two types of human cloning: therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning. Therapeutic cloning involves cloning cells from an adult for medicinal use and is an active research area, while reproductive cloning would involve the creation of human clones. Therapeutic cloning could provide unique ways to cure diseases until now considered incurable: diabetes, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, heart disease. (1) The third type of cloning called replacement cloning is a possibility in theory and would be a combination of therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning.Higher probability of achieving a therapeutic cloning is more accessible in terms of technique, but also less morally problematic. * Statement Of The Problem: * What is cloning? Are there different types of cloning * How can cloning technologies be used? * What Animal Haved Been Cloned ? * Can organs be cloned for use in transplants? * What are the risks of cloning? * Should humans be cloned? * How Human Cloning Will Work Cause And Effect: Ethics Ethical issues of human cloning have become an important issue in recent years. Many ethical arguments against human cloning are based on misconceptions.Many people think that these clones will have the same characteristics / personalities as the person cloned. Although clone and cloned individual have the same genes, traits and personalities are different. People think that a clone is physically identical to the donor and her behavior, but this is not true because although there is a physical identity, living environment shapes an individual's ongoing behavior and psychology. Many people believe that cloning will lead to loss of individuality eventually, but people have their own personality cloned which personality is similar to those in which they were created.Lawrence Nelson, associate professor of philosophy at UCS, said that embryos can be used for research if: – the purpose of research can not be achieved by other methods;   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the embryos have reached more than 14-18 days of development;   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ those who use forbid you to consider or treat as personal property. One of the most serious problems of cloning of human embryos for therapeutic purposes, is that with harvesting stem cells, the embryo is formed by cloning practical killed. We can not reduce the existence of a human embryo to â€Å"a cell† as long as after both science and teaching of the Church, the human embryo is a carrier of life. 8) For a few years, the legalization of human cloning is in the center of global debate, which was also attended not only scientists but also politicians, philosophers, theologians, psychologists. For example, American Association of Pro Life Obstetricians and Gynecologist s (AAPLOG) has spoken out against cloning, drawing attention that some business people might think of trading a human life. (4) What is harder is that it could reach the reproduction of living people without them knowing, to be involved in this process or to give consent.Questions appeared on the social status of any clone. What will be their status in society? In the U. S. House of Representatives issued a ruling that human cloning is illegal, but the Senate has yet to rule on the matter. The opinions are still leaning toward accepting only therapeutic cloning. Legalization of therapeutic cloning has been proposed as the only way to investigate, the chances of success, the basic criterion for funding such programs as the primary objective should be finding cures for incurable diseases.A coalition of states, including Spain, Italy, Philippines, USA, Costa Rica and the â€Å"Holy Land† have tried to expand the debate on all forms of human cloning, noting that in their view, th erapeutic cloning violates human dignity. Costa Rica proposed the adoption of an international convention to combat any form of cloning. Australia has banned human cloning in December 2006, but therapeutic cloning is now legal in some parts of Australia. European Union – European Convention on Human Rights prohibits human cloning in an additional protocol, but the protocol has been ratified only by Greece, Spain and Portugal.England – The British government introduced legislation to allow therapeutic cloning in a debate on January 14, 2001. Hope that parliament will pass the law was prohibitive. Roman Catholic Church under Pope Benedict XVI has condemned the practice of human cloning, saying it represents â€Å"a grave offense against human dignity and equality among the people. † Human cloning is prohibited in Islam at the Tenth Conference in Jeddah. Saudi Arabia has decided on June 28, 1997-July 3, 1997 as the beginning of human cloning is â€Å"haraam† (forbidden by the faith-sin).Jesse Rainbow explain why there is an aversion to human cloning – a clone would not be a â€Å"real person† – cloning is â€Å"playing the God† – cloning is not â€Å"natural† mention in closing some of the conditions proposed in a provisional list yet, so research on therapeutic human cloning (reproductive one is illegal) to proceed lawfully: it is necessary for embryos to be used only in the early stages of their development, without being allowed to grow further, all programs research must be supervised by government organizations dealing with fertilization and genetic techniques, various research programs will receive funding and approval only if it is scientifically demonstrated that there is no other way of obtaining the same results conventional, will not be permitted to research on human genetic material can be combined with that of animals, there must be a permanent state of public information on resear ch undertaken and to be postulated that the limitations may be required to report the experiences and suffering of animals used for human benefit. (5)